Erectile function recovery in men treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor administration after bilateral nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy: a systematic review of placebo‐controlled randomized trials with trial sequential analysis
Abstract
The impact of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) treatment modality (on-demand vs. daily), PDE5I half-life and time from surgery to PDE5I prescription on the achievement of drug-assisted erectile function (EF) recovery is uncertain. We systematically reviewed published randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We performed meta-analyses of data on 2317 men treated with PDE5Is after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy (NSRP). A PubMed and SCOPUS search was performed for trials published from 1 January 1969 to 30 June 2016. PDE5Is are effective in achieving drug-assisted recovery of erectile function (EF). From a statistical standpoint, these studies were subjected to Trial Sequential Analysis to determine whether the pooled data were adequately powered to verify the study outcomes. On-demand treatment with PDE5Is was significantly better than daily treatment in recovering drug-assisted EF. This effect was maintained even when the drugs were stratified according with half-life. Although not based on head-to-head trials, Avanafil used on-demand was the most effective PDE5I in recovering drug-assisted EF. Whereas tadalafil was equally effective when used both on-demand and daily, vardenafil significantly improved drug-assisted EF recovery only when used on-demand. The start of PDE5I treatment six months or more after surgery compared to treatment started earlier did not negatively affect the rate of drug-assisted EF recovery or the possibility to have successful intercourse based on the Sexual Encounter Profile question-3 (SEP-3). Current trials do not support the hypothesis that PDE5I use recovers drug-unassisted EF, although chronic low-dose tadalafil administration may help to preserve erectile tissue integrity. Potential shortcomings in the trials design may partially explain these disappointing results and several questions concerning the recovery of drug-unassisted EF remain unanswered. Thus, there is a need for well-designed new RCTs requiring changes in the timing of PDE5I administration as well as in the dose and the treatment duration.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More than 50% of couples do not adhere to medical aids for erectile function after the first year of treatment.
“Research has shown that more than 50% of the couples do not adhere to medical aids for erectile function after the first year of treatment.99,100,102”
From A Psychosocial Approach to Erectile Dysfunction: Position Statements from the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM) (2021) · cites this paper as [100]
Long-term adherence to medical treatment for ED is poor and erectile function recovery is not always achieved.
“Although medical treatments have been shown to be physiologically effective, long-term adherence to medical treatment is poor and erectile function recovery is not always achieved, often depending on how well men are instructed about (correct) use of the medical aids.99, 100, 101”
From A Psychosocial Approach to Erectile Dysfunction: Position Statements from the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM) (2021) · cites this paper as [100]
Cites
Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012
Ferlay, J., Steliarova‐Foucher, E., Lortet‐Tieulent, J., Rosso, S., Coebergh, J. W. W., Comber, H., Forman, D., & Bray, F. (2013) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.12.027 · Cited by 5,243 · see citing works
A Re-Evaluation of Random-Effects Meta-Analysis
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2009) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2008.00552.x · Cited by 2,569 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For meta-analyses with a low number of included trials, the random effect approach is more appropriate than the fixed effect approach as it is usually more generalizable to a wide range of scenarios (Fleiss & Gross, 1991; Higgins et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTime Trends and Local Variation in Primary Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer
Cooperberg, M. R., Broering, J. M., & Carroll, P. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.26.0133 · Cited by 1,006 · see citing works
Fleiss, J. L., & Gross, A. J. (1991) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(91)90261-7 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Radical Surgery for Prostatic Cancer
Walsh, P. C., & Jewett, H. J. (1980) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.1980.45.s7.1906 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Montorsi, F., Brock, G. B., Jc, L., Shapiro, J., Poppel, H. V., Graefen, M., & Stief, C. G. (2008) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.083 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
‘Powerful Placebo: The Dark Side of the Randomised Controlled Trial’
Kaptchuk, T. J. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)10111-8 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Shindel, A. W., & Lue, T. F. (2009) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.09.010 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Padma-Nathan, H., McCullough, A., Levine, L. A., Lipshultz, L. I., Siegel, R. L., Montorsi, F., Giuliano, F., Brock, G. B., & on behalf of the Study Group (2008) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/ijir.2008.33 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
HISTOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN CAVERNOUS TISSUE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
Iacono, F., Giannella, R., Somma, P., Manno, G., Fusco, F., & Mirone, V. G. (2005) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000154356.76027.4f · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Montorsi, F., Brock, G. B., Stolzenburg, J., Mulhall, J. P., Moncada, I., PATEL, H. R. H., Chevallier, D., Krajka, K., Henneges, C., Dickson, R. A., et al. (2013) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.051 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Sildenafil Preserves Intracorporeal Smooth Muscle After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
SCHWARTZ, E. J., WONG, P., & Graydon, R. J. (2004) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000106970.97082.61 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Brock, G. B., Nehra, A. X., Lipshultz, L. I., KARLIN, G. S., Gleave, M. E., Seger, M. A., & Padma-Nathan, H. (2003) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000086947.00547.49 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Montorsi, F., Padma-Nathan, H., McCullough, A., Brock, G. B., Broderick, G. A., Ahuja, S., Whitaker, S., Hoover, A. M., NOVACK, D., MURPHY, A., et al. (2004) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000136448.71773.2b · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Kovanecz, I., Rambhatla, A., Ferrini, M. G., Vernet, D. A., Sanchez, S. P., Rajfer, J., & González-Cadavid, N. F. (2007) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07223.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Regeneration of Nitric Oxide Synthase-Containing Nerves After Cavernous Nerve Neurotomy in the Rat
A., C. S., Zvara, P., Nunes, L., Kour, N. W., Rehman, J., & Lue, T. F. (1995) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(01)67512-8 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Vignozzi, L., Filippi, S., Morelli, A., Ambrosini, S., Luconi, M., Vannelli, G. B., Donati, S., Crescioli, C., Zhang, X., Mirone, V. G., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00208.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Kovanecz, I., Rambhatla, A., Ferrini, M. G., Vernet, D. A., Sanchez, S. P., Rajfer, J., & González-Cadavid, N. F. (2007) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901612 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Jannini, E. A. (2017) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.04.002 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Mulhall, J. P., Burnett, A. L. “., Wang, R., McVary, K. T., Moul, J. W., Bowden, C. H., DiDonato, K. P., Shih, W., & Day, W. W. (2012) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.177 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Neglected Side Effects After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review
Frey, A., Sønksen, J., & Fode, M. M. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12403 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Jannini, E. A., Sternbach, N., Limoncin, E., Ciocca, G., Gravina, G. L., Tripodi, F. M., Petruccelli, I., Keijzer, S., Isherwood, G., Wiedemann, B., et al. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12344 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pavlovich, C. P., Levinson, A. W., Su, L., Mettee, L. Z., Feng, Z., Bivalacqua, T. J., & Trock, B. J. (2013) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.12253 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Interventions for sexual dysfunction following treatments for cancer
Miles, C., Candy, B., Jones, L., Williams, R., Tookman, A. J., & King, M. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005540.pub2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Lee, W. (1997) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19970415)16:7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Which Is First? The Controversial Issue of Precedence in the Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Jannini, E. A., Isidori, A. M., Aversa, A., Lenzi, A., & Althof, S. E. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12315 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Jannini, E. A., Isidori, A. M., Gravina, G. L., Aversa, A., Balercia, G., Bocchio, M., Boscaro, M., Carani, C., Corona, G., Fabbri, A., et al. (2009) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01375.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Effect of sildenafil administration on penile hypoxia induced by cavernous neurotomy in the rat
Vignozzi, L., Morelli, A., Filippi, S., Vannelli, G. B., Mungai, S., Marini, M., Boddi, V., Forti, G., & Maggi, M. (2007) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901596 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Chung, E., & Gillman, M. (2014) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja13.11028 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chartier-Kastler, E. J., Amar, E., Chevallier, D., Montaigne, O., Coulange, C., Joubert, J.-M., & Giuliano, F. (2008) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00743.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wang, X., Wang, X., Liu, T., He, Q., Wang, Y., & Zhang, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091327 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sirad, F., Hlaing, S. M., Kovanecz, I., Artaza, J. N., Garcia, L. A., Rajfer, J., & Ferrini, M. G. (2011) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02195.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ejaculation Profiles of Men Following Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Sullivan, J., Stember, D. S., Deveci, S., Akin-Olugbade, Y., & Mulhall, J. P. (2013) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12101 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Management of sexual dysfunction due to central nervous system disorders: a systematic review
Lombardi, G., Musco, S., Kessler, T. M., Marzi, V. L., Lanciotti, M., & POPOLO, G. D. (2015) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.13055 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Briganti, A., Trapani, E. D., Abdollah, F., Andrea Gallina, A., Suardi, N. R., Umberto Capitanio, A., Tutolo, M., Passoni, N. M., Salonia, A., DiGirolamo, V., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02580.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Garcia, L. A., Hlaing, S. M., Gutierrez, R., Sanchez, M., Kovanecz, I., Artaza, J., & Ferrini, M. G. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms151017204 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
How to Evaluate the Efficacy of the Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors
Jannini, E. A., Derogatis, L. R., Chung, E., & Brock, G. B. (2012) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02611.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hlaing, S. M., Garcia, L. A., Kovanecz, I., Martinez, R. A., Shah, S. B., Artaza, J. N., & Ferrini, M. G. (2012) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11278.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rossi, M. S., Moschini, M., Bianchi, M., Gandaglia, G., Fossati, N., Dell’Oglio, P., Schiavina, R., Brunocilla, E., Farina, E., Picozzi, M., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.160 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Cui, Y., Liu, X., Shi, L., & Gao, Z. (2015) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.12405 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shen, X., & Kumar, P. (2015) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2015.11.056 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Li, J., Shi, Q., Pu, C., Tang, Y., Bai, Y., Yuan, H., Li, X., Dong, Q. G., Wei, Q., Yuan, J., et al. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05801 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Analysis of Ratios of Odds Ratios in Stratified Contingency Tables
Heilbron, D. C. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530522 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Castiglione, F., Nini, A., & Briganti, A. (2013) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.11.049 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Qiu, S., Tang, Z., Deng, L., Liu, L., Han, P., Yang, L., & Wei, Q. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32853 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Corona, G., Cucinotta, D., Lorenzo, G. D., Ferlin, A., Giagulli, V. A., Gnessi, L., Isidori, A. M., Maiorino, M. I., Miserendino, P., Murrone, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-023-02015-5 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Couplepause: A New Paradigm in Treating Sexual Dysfunction During Menopause and Andropause
Jannini, E. A., & Nappi, R. E. (2018) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.11.002 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Dewitte, M., Bettocchi, C., Carvalho, J., Corona, G., Flink, I., Limoncin, E., Pascoal, P., Reisman, Y., & Van Lankveld, J. (2021) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2021.100434 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“99,100,102 This often culminates in complete avoidance of sexual activity, which may eventually damage the structure and physiological mechanism of the penis and negatively affect the emotional state of men and their partner.”
BackgroundSong, G., Hu, P., Song, J., Liu, J., & Ruan, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1029650 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The good, bad, and the ugly of regenerative therapies for erectile dysfunction
Campbell, J. D., Milenković, U., Usta, M. F., Albersen, M., & Bivalacqua, T. J. (2020) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2019.10.06 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The 2018 Revision to the Process of Care Model for Management of Erectile Dysfunction
Mulhall, J. P., Giraldi, A. G. E., Hackett, G. I., Hellstrom, W. J. G., Jannini, E. A., Aurioles, E. R., Trost, L. W., & Hassan, T. A. (2018) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.05.021 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The first‐generation phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors and their pharmacokinetic issue
Zucchi, A., Costantini, E., Scroppo, F. I., Silvani, M., Kopa, Z., Illiano, E., Petrillo, M. G., Cari, L., & Nocentini, G. (2019) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12683 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Jannini, E. A., & Droupy, S. (2018) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2018.10.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Practical Approaches to Treat ED in PDE5i Nonresponders
Cai, Z., Song, X., Zhang, J., Yang, B., & Li, H. (2020) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2019.1028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Isidori, A. M., Giammusso, B., Corona, G., & Verze, P. (2019) · Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.esxm.2019.04.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A Review of Current and Emerging Therapeutic Options for Erectile Dysfunction
Chung, E. (2019) · Medical Sciences · doi:10.3390/medsci7090091 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Goh, H. J., Sung, J. M., Lee, K. H., Jo, J. K., & Kim, K. N. (2022) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau-21-881 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bolat, M. S., Çınar, Ö., Akdeniz, E., & Aşçı, R. (2018) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-018-0019-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Regulation of PDE 5 expression in normal prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma
Bisegna, C., Gravina, G. L., Pierconti, F., Martini, M., Larocca, L. M., Rossi, P., Grimaldi, P., Dolci, S., Stasi, S. M. D., & Jannini, E. A. (2019) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.12695 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chung, E. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Urology · doi:10.1177/17562872211026421 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Casanova, M. R., Mota, P. O., Vala, H., Nóbrega, C., Morais, A. D. S., Silva, C. S., Barros, A. A., Reis, R. L., Lima, E., Martins, A. M., et al. (2023) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mori, T., Hotta, Y., Ieda, N., Kataoka, T., Nakagawa, H., & Kimura, K. (2023) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.220146 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sansone, A., Mollaioli, D., Cignarelli, A., Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Colonnello, E., Balercia, G., Reisman, Y., & Jannini, E. A. (2021) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes2030023 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Karakus, S., Musicki, B., & Burnett, A. L. “. (2021) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-021-00455-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Jufriady Ismy, X., Khalilullah, S. A., Maulana, R., & Hidayatullah, F. (2024) · Narra J · doi:10.52225/narra.v4i2.880 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yang, J., Jian, Z., & Wang, J. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023778 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pavone, C., Abrate, A., Agiato, S., Billeci, S., Tulone, G., Vella, M., Serretta, V., & Simonato, A. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13705 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
For men’s problems, we need a women’s approach: equality in treatment care planning
Katz, D. J., Love, C. G., Kim, S. H. K., Barrett, T. L., Spernat, D., & Chung, E. (2020) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/bju.15190 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Comparative results of nerve-sparing robotic-assisted prostatectomy
Shpot, E. V., Chinenov, D. V., Chernov, Y. N., Votyakov, A. Y., Gasanov, E. N., & Rapoport, L. M. (2021) · Andrology and Genital Surgery · doi:10.17650/1726-9784-2021-22-3-44-48 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pedraza, A. M., Pandav, K. B., Menon, M., Khera, M., Wagaskar, V. G., Dovey, Z. S., Mohamed, N., Parekh, S. V., & Tewari, A. K. (2022) · Urologic Oncology Seminars and Original Investigations · doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.12.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Practical Guidelines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction and Peyronie’s Disease
Marcon, J., & Stief, C. G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28599-9_21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
GADELHA, G. C. A., & Júnior, A. M. D. C. (2024) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/0100-6991e-20243757-en · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Yıldırım, Ç., Salman, M. Y., Yavuz, A., & Bayar, G. (2022) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14536 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
GADELHA, G. C. A., & Júnior, A. M. D. C. (2024) · Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões · doi:10.1590/0100-6991e-20243757
Sexuality of prostate cancer patients following radical prostatectomy
Ефремов, М. Е., Anosov, A. A. D., Medvedev, V. L., & Коган, М. И. (2025) · Urology Herald · doi:10.21886/2308-6424-2025-13-2-92-102
Xi, Y., Han, G., Li, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Ma, K., & Zhu, F. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178849
- Authors
- Limoncin, E., Gravina, G. L., Corona, G., Maggi, M., Ciocca, G., Lenzi, A., & Jannini, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- University of L'Aquila (IT)
- Azienda USL di Bologna (IT)
- University of Florence (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Jannini, E. A.
- Venue
- Andrology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 863-872
- ISSN
- 2047-2919 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-2927
- OpenAlex
- W2744564831
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Andrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Italian Ministry of University (2015XCR88M, RBAP109BLT_004)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urinary Bladder and Prostate Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- erectile function recovery, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy, prostate cancer, avanafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, trial sequential analysis
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Erectile Dysfunction, Male, Penile Erection, Prostatectomy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
