Diabetic retinopathy and its risk factors in a society with a type 2 diabetes epidemic: a S audi N ational D iabetes R egistry‐based study
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: To assess diabetic retinopathy prevalence and its risk factors in a society with type 2 diabetes epidemic using the S audi N ational D iabetes R egistry (SNDR). Method: This is a cross‐sectional study using patient's clinical data found in SNDR data base. A cohort of 50 464 S audi patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥25 years were selected to assess for the prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy. Results: The overall prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is 19.7%, where 9.1% have non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 10.6% have proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 5.7% have macular oedema (ME). Duration of diabetes and age are the most significant risk factors for diabetic retinopathy with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 8.88 (8.30–9.50) and 5.76 (5.10–6.55), respectively. Nephropathy, neuropathy, insulin use, poor glycemic control, hypertension and male gender significantly increased the risk for diabetic retinopathy. Smoking, hyperlipidemia and obesity significantly reduced the risk for diabetic retinopathy among type 2 S audi diabetic cohort. Conclusion: vThe low prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in our registry may be a result of the shortage or absence of well‐structured screening programmes. Therefore, many patients with NPDR might have been missed. A prevention programme is needed to reduce the effect of diabetic retinopathy risk factors in this society.
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Patients diagnosed with hypertension are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes.
“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results and Discussion identify hypertension as associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in the studied diabetes population; Table 3 reports a multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of 1.44 (95% CI 1.25–1.66). But the Discussion says the study lacked information on the degree of visual impairment and blindness, so it does not establish higher risk for poor visual outcomes more broadly. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients diagnosed with kidney disease are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes.
“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results report that nephropathy was associated with a significantly higher risk of diabetic retinopathy among Saudi adults with type 2 diabetes. However, the Discussion says the study lacked data on the degree of visual impairment and blindness, so it does not directly establish a higher risk of poor visual outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPatients covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes.
“Patients diagnosed with kidney disease, hypertension, and covered under Medicaid insurance are at higher risk for poor visual outcomes13–24.”
From Autonomous AI-assisted diabetic retinopathy screening at primary care is associated with increased presentation to eye care by at risk patients (2026) · cites this paper as [16]
The Materials and Methods describe a Saudi diabetes-registry cohort, and the Discussion says the study lacked information on the degree of visual impairment and blindness. Searches for Medicaid and insurance status found no passage assessing coverage or its association with visual outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Cites
Prevalence and healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy: a population-based register study in Sweden
Heintz, E., Wiréhn, A.-B., Peebo, B. B., Rosenqvist, U., & Levin, L.-Å. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1836-3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Holman RR, Matthews DR & Turner RC. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 30: diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116:297-303.
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Leong, A., Wolf, R. M., Channa, R., Wang, J., Lehmann, H., Abramoff, M. D., & Liu, T. Y. A. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02460-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Al‐Rubeaan, K., Abu El‐Asrar, A. M., Youssef, A. M., Subhani, S. N., Ahmad, N. A., Al‐Sharqawi, A. H., Alguwaihes, A., Alotaibi, M. S., Al‐Ghamdi, A., & Ibrahim, H. M.
- Affiliations
- University Diabetes Center College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Ophthalmology College of Medicine King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University (SA)
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Venue
- Acta Ophthalmologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e140-7
- ISSN
- 0001-639X (ISSN-L)
- 1755-375X
- 1755-3768
- OpenAlex
- W1983190510
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Ophthalmologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, type 2 diabetes, prevalence, risk factors, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema, diabetes duration, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, glycemic control, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, retinopathy screening, Saudi Arabia
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Retinopathy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Registries, Risk Factors, Saudi Arabia, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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