Eliminating cows’ milk, but not wheat, barley or rye, increases the risk of growth deceleration and nutritional inadequacies
Abstract
AIM: Our study examined the growth and nutritional intake of children on milk and/or wheat, barley or rye elimination diets. METHODS: This was a nested case-control study within the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. It investigated 295 children born in the Tampere University Hospital area between 1997 and 2004 on a diet without cows' milk and/or wheat, barley or rye due to food allergies and 265 matched controls. Nutritional intake was recorded with three-day food records at the ages of one, two and three years. Serial growth measurements were recorded annually up to the age of five years. RESULTS: Despite consuming a balanced diet with sufficient energy and protein, the children on milk elimination diets grew slower than the control children (p = 0.009). Wheat, barley or rye elimination was not associated with growth. The intakes of protein and calcium were lower in children in the milk elimination group than the controls, at p < 0.05 for all. However, children on elimination diets consumed less saturated fats and sugar and more vitamin C and iron than the control children. CONCLUSION: Children on elimination diets faced an increased risk of growth deceleration and suboptimal intake of several micronutrients.
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Children with reduced milk intake or milk-free diet face increased risk of growth deceleration and suboptimal intake of several micronutrients, mainly calcium.
“Children with reduced milk intake or milk-free diet face an increased risk of growth deceleration and suboptimal intake of several micronutrients, mainly calcium [52,56].”
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- Authors
- Tuokkola, J., Luukkainen, P., Nevalainen, J., Ahonen, S., Toppari, J., Ilonen, J., Veijola, R., Knip, M., Virtanen, S. M., & Kaila, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Tampere (FI)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Tuokkola, Jetta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Paediatrica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-25
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1142-1149
- ISSN
- 0365-1436 (ISSN-L)
- 0803-5253
- 1651-2227
- OpenAlex
- W2599742994
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Paediatrica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEF eRepo (University of Eastern Finland) (submittedVersion)
- STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Suomen Akatemia (63672, 79685, 79686, 80846, 201988, 210632, 129492)
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (197032, 4‐1998‐274, 4‐1999‐731, 4‐2001‐435)
- Tampereen TuberkuloosisäätiÖ
- Jalmari ja Rauha Ahokkaan Säätiö
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Keywords
- cow's milk elimination diet, food allergy, type 1 diabetes prevention, child growth, growth slowdown, nutritional intake, protein intake, calcium intake, micronutrient intake, saturated fat intake, sugar consumption, vitamin C, iron, infants and toddlers
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Child, Preschool, Diet, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Nutritional Status, Case-Control Studies, Milk Hypersensitivity, Wheat Hypersensitivity
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