Foetal mouth movements: Effects of nicotine
Open accessAbstract
Aim: To assess whether foetal mouth movement frequency changes across gestation and whether there are differences between cigarette and e‐cigarette exposure conditions in comparison to a non‐exposed group of foetuses. Method: Pregnant women underwent 4‐dimensional (4D) foetal ultrasound scans at 32 weeks (106 scans) and 36 weeks of gestational age (87 scans) at James Cook University Hospital, UK. The 4D scans were coded using the Fetal Observable Movement System (FOMS). Measures of maternal smoking status, stress, depression, anxiety, attachment and time of scan were also collected. There were four exposure groups: non‐smokers, light smokers (<10 per day), heavy smokers (11–20 per day) and e‐cigarette users. Results: No significant differences in relative frequency of mouth movements between the exposure groups at 32‐ and 36 weeks of gestational age were found. Foetal mouth movements declined from 32 to 36 weeks of gestation for non‐exposed and e‐cigarette‐exposed foetuses. Conclusion: Due to variability in foetal behaviour, examining mouth movements alone may not be the most appropriate method for assessing group differences. However, in line with other research, mouth movement frequency declined between 32‐ and 36 weeks of gestational age. A combination of foetal behavioural assessments is needed to assess the effects of cigarette and e‐cigarette exposure on foetal neurobehavioural development.
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Six studies verified only smoking status.
“six verified only smoking status (33,34,37,40,41,44]”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
No significant differences in risk were found for exclusive-vaping versus non-use for relative frequency of mouth movements.
“No significant differences in risk were found for exclusive-vaping vs non-use for self-regulation scores [40] or relative frequency of mouth movements [41].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
There was a tendency for mouth movements to reduce in the exclusive-vaping group, although this group was too small (n = 14) to have a good chance of finding a significant difference.
“However, there was a tendency for mouth movements to reduce in the exclusive-vaping group although this group was too small (n = 14) to have a good chance of finding a significant difference.”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
One study observed that mouth movements significantly declined from 32 to 36 weeks gestation for non-exposed fetuses, but not for the fetuses of exclusive-vapers or exclusive-smokers.
“The latter study also observed that mouth movements significantly (and healthily) declined from 32 to 36 weeks gestation for non-exposed fetuses, but not for the fetuses of exclusive-vapers or exclusive-smokers.”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
Among three small studies of neurological outcomes, for at least one outcome, two reported exclusive-vaping having a similar risk to non-use.
“In summary, among three small studies of neurological outcomes, for at least one outcome, two reported exclusive-vaping having a similar risk to non-use [40, 41] and two reported higher risk for exclusive-vaping [40, 44].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
All three studies reported similar levels of adverse neurological outcomes for exclusive-vaping and exclusive-smoking for reflex, motor maturity and self-regulation scores, relative frequency of mouth movements, and neuropathological brainstem outcomes.
“All three studies reported similar levels of adverse neurological outcomes for exclusive-vaping and exclusive-smoking, for the following outcomes: reflex, motor maturity and self-regulation scores [40], relative frequency of mouth movements [41], and neuropathological brainstem outcomes [44].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
These studies had the advantage that they all biochemically verified smoking status and two of the studies assessed the strength of nicotine in the vapes.
“These studies had the advantage that they all biochemically verified smoking status and two of the studies assessed the strength of nicotine in the vapes [40, 41].”
From Vaping during pregnancy: a systematic review of health outcomes. (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
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References 24 · Cited by 7
- Authors
- Froggatt, S., Reissland, N., Covey, J., & Kumarendran, K.
- Affiliations
- Durham University (GB)
- James Cook University Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reissland, Nadja
- Venue
- Acta Paediatrica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-29
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3014-3020
- ISSN
- 0365-1436 (ISSN-L)
- 0803-5253
- 1651-2227
- OpenAlex
- W3183670576
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Paediatrica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P000762/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Keywords
- nicotine exposure, e-cigarette exposure, maternal smoking, gestational age, prenatal tobacco exposure
- MeSH terms
- Female, Fetal Movement, Fetus, Humans, Mouth, Nicotine, Pregnancy, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems
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