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Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses
Open accessAbstract
Sex-related differences in physiology and anatomy are responsible for profound differences in neuromuscular performance and fatigability between men and women. Women are usually less fatigable than men for similar intensity isometric fatiguing contractions. This sex difference in fatigability, however, is task specific because different neuromuscular sites will be stressed when the requirements of the task are altered, and the stress on these sites can differ for men and women. Task variables that can alter the sex difference in fatigability include the type, intensity and speed of contraction, the muscle group assessed and the environmental conditions. Physiological mechanisms that are responsible for sex-based differences in fatigability may include activation of the motor neurone pool from cortical and subcortical regions, synaptic inputs to the motor neurone pool via activation of metabolically sensitive small afferent fibres in the muscle, muscle perfusion and skeletal muscle metabolism and fibre type properties. Non-physiological factors such as the sex bias of studying more males than females in human and animal experiments can also mask a true understanding of the magnitude and mechanisms of sex-based differences in physiology and fatigability. Despite recent developments, there is a tremendous lack of understanding of sex differences in neuromuscular function and fatigability, the prevailing mechanisms and the functional consequences. This review emphasizes the need to understand sex-based differences in fatigability to shed light on the benefits and limitations that fatigability can exert for men and women during daily tasks, exercise performance, training and rehabilitation in both health and disease.
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“Sex-based differences are well known to exist in endurance performance where, relative to body mass and composition, females would outperform males during exercise at submaximal intensities (Hunter et al. 2014).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Hunter et al. 2014
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“This fact has been attributed to a higher lipolytic efficiency (Bergström and Hultman 1966) and to a greater relative distribution and activation of fatigue resistant slow twitch fibers (Zierath and Hawley 2004; Hunter 2014; Temesi et al. 2015; Tiller et al. 2021).”
From Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (2022) · cites this paper as Hunter 2014
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“women possess a greater capacity to resist fatigue [87]”
From Loading recommendations for muscle strength, hypertrophy, and local endurance: a re-examination of the repetition continuum. (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hunter, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Marquette University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hunter, S. K.
- ORCID
- Hunter, S. K.
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02-25
- Volume
- 210
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 768-789
- ISSN
- 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4111134
- OpenAlex
- W2043456716
- Cited by
- 595
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 15.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R15AG039697)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- sex differences, muscle fatigue, fatigability, neuromuscular performance, isometric contraction, motoneuron pools, afferent nerve fibers, muscle blood flow, skeletal muscle metabolism, task specificity, sex bias in research, exercise performance, rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue
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