Cited by 595Muscle activation and electromyography studiesCardiovascular and exercise physiologySex and Gender in Healthcare

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Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses

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Hunter, S. K.·2014·Acta Physiologica

DOI 10.1111/apha.12234PMC PMC4111134

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Abstract

Sex-related differences in physiology and anatomy are responsible for profound differences in neuromuscular performance and fatigability between men and women. Women are usually less fatigable than men for similar intensity isometric fatiguing contractions. This sex difference in fatigability, however, is task specific because different neuromuscular sites will be stressed when the requirements of the task are altered, and the stress on these sites can differ for men and women. Task variables that can alter the sex difference in fatigability include the type, intensity and speed of contraction, the muscle group assessed and the environmental conditions. Physiological mechanisms that are responsible for sex-based differences in fatigability may include activation of the motor neurone pool from cortical and subcortical regions, synaptic inputs to the motor neurone pool via activation of metabolically sensitive small afferent fibres in the muscle, muscle perfusion and skeletal muscle metabolism and fibre type properties. Non-physiological factors such as the sex bias of studying more males than females in human and animal experiments can also mask a true understanding of the magnitude and mechanisms of sex-based differences in physiology and fatigability. Despite recent developments, there is a tremendous lack of understanding of sex differences in neuromuscular function and fatigability, the prevailing mechanisms and the functional consequences. This review emphasizes the need to understand sex-based differences in fatigability to shed light on the benefits and limitations that fatigability can exert for men and women during daily tasks, exercise performance, training and rehabilitation in both health and disease.

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Fast Twitch Fibres May Predict Anaerobic Performance in Both Females and Males
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“The muscle fibre properties and morphology of men and women are due to sex-related differences in human skeletal muscle gene expression and an interaction with sex-specific hormones (Roth et al. 2002, Welle et al. 2008, Maher et al. 2009, Liu et al. 2010).”
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Impaired calcium pump function does not slow relaxation in human skeletal muscle after prolonged exercise
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Cognitive task performance causes impaired maximum force production in human hand flexor muscles
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Fatigue and recovery from dynamic contractions in men and women differ for arm and leg muscles
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Self-citation
Fatty acid transport protein-1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle and in adipose tissue in humans
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Activation among the elbow flexor muscles differs when maintaining arm position during a fatiguing contraction
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Fatigue and its impact on patients with myasthenia gravis
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Single-fiber myosin heavy chain polymorphism: how many patterns and what proportions?
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Gender Differences in the Fatigability of Human Skeletal Muscle
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Exercise, sex, menstrual cycle phase, and 17β-estradiol influence metabolism-related genes in human skeletal muscle
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Sex Differences in Fatigue Resistance Are Muscle Group Dependent
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Sex differences in cortical and subcortical recruitment during simple and complex motor control: An fMRI study
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Age and estrogen-based hormone therapy affect systemic and local IL-6 and IGF-1 pathways in women
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Authors: Hunter, S. K.
Affiliations: Marquette University (US)
Corresponding author: Hunter, S. K.
ORCID: Hunter, S. K.
Venue: Acta Physiologica
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2014-02-25
Volume: 210
Issue: 4
Pages: 768-789
ISSN: 1748-1708 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1111/apha.12234
PMC: PMC4111134
OpenAlex: W2043456716
Cited by: 595
References: 208
Citations by year: 2026: 76 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 12
FWCI: 15.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 553 d)
Locations: Acta Physiologica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Aging (R15AG039697)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords: sex differences, muscle fatigue, fatigability, neuromuscular performance, isometric contraction, motoneuron pools, afferent nerve fibers, muscle blood flow, skeletal muscle metabolism, task specificity, sex bias in research, exercise performance, rehabilitation
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Stress, Physiological, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Fatigue

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Sex differences in human fatigability: mechanisms and insight to physiological responses

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