The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving ( CIT ) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving ( BIT )
Abstract
In this article we present the development and validation of two new measures of psychological well‐being: the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving ( CIT ) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving ( BIT ). These measures were developed with two specific goals in mind: (1) to measure a broad range of psychological well‐being constructs and represent a holistic view of positive functioning; and (2) to predict important health outcomes that are useful for researchers and health practitioners. The CIT includes 18 subscales with 54 items in total, covering a broad range of well‐being components. The BIT has 10 items in total and can serve as an indicator of psychological well‐being and a brief screening tool of mental health. The new measures were evaluated in five samples of a total of 3,191 US participants with diverse demographics. The CIT and BIT had excellent psychometric properties and exhibited convergent validity with existing measures of psychological well‐being and discriminant validity with measures of ill‐being. Both measures contributed over and above existing measures of psychology well‐being in predicting a variety of health outcomes, including self‐reported and objective health status, physical functioning, and health behaviors. In addition, we showed the relative importance of thriving compared to ill‐being for health outcomes and the benefits of assessing individuals' positive functioning beyond ill‐being. Potential uses of the new measures are discussed.
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“In a general non-clinical sample, the CIT subscales showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.71–0.96), good test–retest reliability (r = 0.57–0.83), convergent validity with other measures of psychological well-being, divergent validity with measures of ill-being, and good predictive validity for health and quality of life [67].”
From Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“The CIT [67] is a comprehensive measure of psychological well-being designed for use in research purposes and for in-depth assessment of well-being in health settings, such as psychiatric and clinical practices.”
From Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [67]
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Rovai, S., Pasquinelli, C., & Jain, V. (2026) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-10-2025-3356
Aznar, M. P. M., Medina, L., & Fernández, I. I. (2026) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968261486504
What Psychiatry Measures, and What It Misses: Flourishing as a Blind Spot in Patient-Centered Care
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Goal Characteristics Questionnaire – Measuring Goals That Predict Motivation and Well-Being
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Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Dempsey, R. C., Drinkwater, K. G., Escolà‐Gascón, Á., & Walsh, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1856551
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How Concern About War and Finances Shapes Consumer Well-being: Evidence From Finland
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Metadata
- Authors
- Su, R., Tay, L., & Diener, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Su, Rong
- Venue
- Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-06-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 251-279
- ISSN
- 1758-0846 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-0854
- OpenAlex
- W2153810892
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 69 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (63597)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- thriving, psychological well-being, scale development, psychometric validation, mental health screening, health outcomes, physical function, health behavior, positive functioning, ill-being
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Reproducibility of Results, Health Behavior, Young Adult
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