Prevalence and contributing factors to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A study of five- to fifteen-year-old children in Zhabei District, Shanghai: Prevalence and contributing factors of ADHD
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INTRODUCTION: This work aims to understand the features among 5- to 15-year-old children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Zhabei District in Shanghai. METHODS: Children with ADHD were studied using general background questionnaire, ADHD symptom rating questionnaire, and cluster-stratified sampling. A total of 9,900 valid questionnaires were utilized in this study. We conducted diagnostic interviews with suspected ADHD children and their parents using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition) for ADHD. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of ADHD among the children was 4.6%, of which 2.4%, 0.4%, and 1.8% had ADHD-I ADHD-HI, and ADHD-C types, respectively. The prevalence rates in boys and girls were 6.6% and 2.7% (ratio, 2.41 : 1), respectively. Significant differences in prevalence rate were found among children with different age groups and ADHD types. Children aged 7-10 years had the highest prevalence rate (6.3%). Externally, residence children had higher prevalence than local residents. Significant differences in prevalence rate were also found among children with parents having different educational and socioeconomic level. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of ADHD-HI was higher than the other two types. The highest prevalence was observed in 7- to 10-year-old children. The influential factors of ADHD prevalence were age, gender, and educational level.
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ADHD has a genetic basis that implicates several neuropsychological factors causing attentional changes, impulsivity, and motor agitation in the child.
“The ADHD has a genetic basis, which implicates several neuropsychological factors that cause attentional changes, impulsivity, and motor agitation in the child”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Jin, Du, Zhong, & David, 2014
The Introduction describes reduced attention span and overactivity, and the Discussion mentions inattention and impulsivity. The Discussion only suggests that ADHD may be related to neurobiological abnormalities; it does not establish the claimed causal chain from a genetic basis through neuropsychological factors to those symptoms. In the Results, ADHD family history was not significantly associated with prevalence. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Cited by
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ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors
Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., & Barbosa, F. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Huang, Y., Zheng, S., Xu, C., Lin, K., Wu, K., Zheng, M., Zhang, J., & Xu, H. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s126100 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Jin, W., Du, Y., Zhong, X., & David, C.
- Affiliations
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Shanghai Teachers Training College; Shanghai China
- Universities of Dundee; Dundee UK
- Corresponding author
- Du, Yasong
- ORCID
- Du, Yasong
- Venue
- Asia-Pacific Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-12-02
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 397-404
- ISSN
- 1758-5864 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4288828
- OpenAlex
- W1516548556
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Asia-Pacific Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- United Kingdom Dundee University Research Fund “Increasing awareness of ADHD in China”
- Shanghai Shen Kang hospital development Center “Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder intervention technology promotion and application” (SHDC12010225)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD prevalence, ADHD subtypes, sex differences, age differences, parental education, socioeconomic status, risk factors, children, Shanghai
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child, Preschool, China, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Health, Age Distribution
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