Prescribing trends of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in UK primary care, 1995–2015

Renoux, Christel; Shin, Ju‐Young; Dell'Aniello, Sophie; Fergusson, Emma; Suissa, Samy

doi:10.1111/bcp.13000

Cited by 132Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPharmaceutical studies and practicesNeuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations

Prescribing trends of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in UK primary care, 1995–2015

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Renoux, Christel, Shin, Ju‐Young, Dell'Aniello, Sophie, Fergusson, Emma, Suissa, Samy·2016·British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

DOI 10.1111/bcp.13000PMC PMC5338115

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Abstract

AIM: The aim of the present study was to describe the prescription of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the UK between 1995 and 2015. METHODS: Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), we defined a cohort of all patients aged 6-45 years, registered with a general practitioner between January 1995 and September 2015. All prescriptions of methylphenidate, dexamphetamine/lisdexamphetamine and atomoxetine were identified and annual prescription rates of ADHD were estimated using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Within a cohort of 7 432 735 patients, we identified 698 148 prescriptions of ADHD medications during 41 171 528 person-years of follow-up. Usage was relatively low until 2000, during which the prescription rate was 42.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 20.9, 87.2] prescriptions per 10 000 persons, increasing to 394.4 (95% CI 296.7, 524.2) in 2015, corresponding to an almost 800% increase (rate ratio 8.87; 95% CI 7.10, 11.09). The increase was seen in all age groups and in both sexes but was steepest in boys aged 10-14 years. The prescription rate in males was almost five times that of females. Methylphenidate remained the most prescribed drug during the 20-year study period, representing 88.9% of all prescriptions in the 6-24-year-old group, and 63.5% of all prescriptions in adults (25-45 years of age). CONCLUSIONS: Prescription rates of ADHD medications have increased dramatically in the past two decades. This may be due, at least in part, to both an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with ADHD over time and a higher percentage of those patients treated with medication.

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B vitamins (B6, B12, folate) play critical roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, but their specific effects on ADHD in adults remain unclear.
“In turn, B vitamins—including B6, B12, and folate—play critical roles in neurotransmitter synthesis, but their specific effects on ADHD in adults remain unclear [184].”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [184]
The ADHD medications and Results sections discuss prescription drugs and prescribing trends, not nutrients. Searches for B6, B12, folate, neurotransmitter synthesis, and vitamin effects on adult ADHD found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
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“Over the past few decades, the prevalence of ADHD and the use of ADHD medications have increased in several countries [15–17], along with concerns about potential overdiagnosis and inappropriate prescription of ADHD medications [18, 19].”
French Consumption of Methylphenidate in Primary Care From 2016 to 2023, Impact of Prescribing Policy Changes—A Time‐Series Analysis
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Modeling and Analysis of Tsunami Wave Propagation Characteristics in the Coast of Bay of Bengal
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Structural Violence
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ADHD medications: a descriptive study of prescription trends in Tabriz, Iran, 2021-2022Preprint
Fakhari, A., Farahbakhsh, M., Azimian, A., Khameneh, A., Matinkia, M., & Aghajani, E. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4924259/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research roundup: June 2016
Greener, M. (2016) · Nurse Prescribing · doi:10.12968/npre.2016.14.6.272
Developmental Factors in Violence Propensity
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.005
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Major UN Initiatives to Address Violence, 1986–2018
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.013
Foreword
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Introduction and Overview
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.001
The Prospect of Human Violence
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The Biology of Violence
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Psychosocial Interventions
Whittington, R., McGuire, J., & Peres, M. F. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139086486.010

Trends in attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications among children and young adults in Ireland: a repeated cross-sectional study from 2005 to 2015
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Utilization of Drugs for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Young Patients in China, 2010–2019
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The 10-year trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Germany
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Authors: Renoux, C., Shin, J., Dell'Aniello, S., Fergusson, E., & Suissa, S.
Affiliations: Jewish General Hospital (CA)
Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital Montréal, QC Canada
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author: Renoux, Christel
ORCID: Renoux, Christel
Shin, Ju‐Young
Fergusson, Emma
Suissa, Samy
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2016-06-09
Volume: 82
Issue: 3
Pages: 858-868
ISSN: 0306-5251 (ISSN-L)
1365-2125
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13000
PMC: PMC5338115
OpenAlex: W2346040249
Cited by: 132
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 8.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pharmaceutical studies and practices
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD medication, prescribing trends, methylphenidate, d-amphetamine, atomoxetine, prescription rates, primary care, sex differences in prescribing, age differences in prescribing, United Kingdom
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Drug Utilization, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Primary Health Care, Young Adult

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Prescribing trends of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications in UK primary care, 1995–2015

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