Cited by 387Gender Roles and Identity StudiesMental Health Treatment and AccessPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

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Gender differences in preferences for psychological treatment, coping strategies, and triggers to help-seeking

Liddon, Louise, Kingerlee, Roger, Barry, John A.·2018·British Journal of Clinical Psychology

DOI 10.1111/bjc.12147

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: There is some evidence that men and women deal with stress in different ways; for example, a meta-analysis found that women prefer to focus on emotions as a coping strategy more than men do. However, sex differences in preferences for therapy is a subject little explored. DESIGN: A cross-sectional online survey. METHOD: Participants (115 men and 232 women) were recruited via relevant websites and social media. The survey described therapies and asked participants how much they liked each. Their coping strategies and help-seeking behaviour were assessed too. RESULTS: Survey data were analysed using multiple linear regression. After familywise adjustment of the alpha for multiple testing to p < .0125, and controlling for other relevant variables, men liked support groups more than women did (β = -.163, p < .010), used sex or pornography to cope with stress more than women did (Exp[B] = .280, p < .0002), and thought that there is a lack of male-friendly options more than women did (Exp[B] = .264, p < .002). The majority of participants expressed no preference for the sex of their therapist, but of those who did, men were only slightly more likely to prefer a female therapist whereas women were much more likely to prefer females (p < .0004). Even after familywise adjustment, there were still more significant findings than would be expected by chance (p < .001, two-tailed). CONCLUSIONS: Although there are many similarities in the preferences of men and women regarding therapy, our findings support the hypothesis that men and women show statistically significant differences of relevance to clinical psychologists. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Men are less inclined than women to seek help for psychological issues This study demonstrates that men and women show significant differences in some aspects of therapy, coping behaviour, and help-seeking It is possible that men would be more inclined to seek help if therapies catered more for men's preferences Practitioners can learn to improve the success of their practice by taking the gender of clients into account.

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“Research shows that compared to women, depressed men are less willing to seek help (Liddon et al., 2018).”
Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic Symptoms and Type 2 Diabetes: A 2010–2017 Longitudinal Study
Jaworski, M., Pańczyk, M., Śliwczyński, A. M., Brzozowska, M., Janaszek, K., Małkowski, P., & Gotlib, J. (2019) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.913356 · Cited by 5
“, lack of male-friendly services), action is needed to address the issue of improving use of mental health services by men [33].”
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Omoronyia, F., Ndiok, A. E., Enang, K. O., & Obande, E. I. (2021) · International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100282 · Cited by 5
Gender Differences in Mental Health of International Graduate Students
Dy, E. V. Y. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS · doi:10.47191/ijmra/v5-i6-11 · Cited by 5
Mental health status of healthcare workers assisted in Hubei during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 and their influencing factors: a prospective cohort study
Zhou, P., Du, N., Xiao, Y., Li, Y., Li, C., & Geng, T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062664 · Cited by 5
Características do suicídio em Santa Catarina: um estudo do período de 2007 a 2016
Benetti, I. C., Molina, L. R., & Kornin, A. (2020) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.22491/1678-4669.20180038 · Cited by 5
Pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence: Evidence on uptake, inequalities and comparative effectiveness from a UK population‐based cohort
Manca, F., Zhang, L., Fitzgerald, N., Ho, F. K. W., Innes, H. A., Jani, B., Katikireddi, S. V., McAuley, A., Sharp, C., & Lewsey, J. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13841 · Cited by 4
“On the contrary, we believe that a combination of factors such as the lower propensity to seek help of certain patient groups (e.g., males are less likely to seek consulta-tion [30], especially regarding psychological matters [31]) may be responsible for this.”
A gender-sensitive analysis of the feasibility and benefit of a psychological intervention for patients with advanced cancer
Shapiro, G. K., Mah, K., de Vries, F. E., Zimmermann, C., Li, M., Hales, S., & Rodin, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000076 · Cited by 4
“Theweight of current evidence suggests thatwomen—regardless of health status—are more likely to initiate and complete psychotherapeutic interventions and to benefit from them than men, although it has been suggested that psychotherapy interventions that are considered more “male-friendly” may be more beneficial and ac…”
Background
Perceptions of grief reactions in family members of incarcerated individuals: A vignette-based experiment
McLean, E., Livingston, T. N., Mitchell, S. M., & Singer, J. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2175391 · Cited by 4
Perceptions of crime severity and stigma toward family members grieving the loss of a person to incarceration
McLean, E., Livingston, T. N., Mitchell, S. M., & Singer, J. (2023) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/1068316x.2023.2220870 · Cited by 4
An interaction study of online learning satisfaction with parent-child relationships and trait coping styles
Wen, L., Xu, W., Yan, X., Lin, X., Shao, C., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320886 · Cited by 7
Moderating Effects of Gender Among Collegiate Student-Athletes Receiving a Novel Peer Concussion Education Program
Kneavel, M. E., Ernst, W., & McCarthy, K. S. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120977128 · Cited by 5
“In other fields, women are more likely to report and seek treatment for various conditions (Liddon et al., 2018), which may be mediated by women’s lower conformity to masculine norms of winning and self-reliance (Wong et al.”
Background
Seeing an occupational health psychologist reduces sickness absence due to mental disorders: A quasi-experimental study
Lahti, J., Harkko, J., Nordquist, H., Piha, K., Pietiläinen, O. P. H., Mänty, M., Rahkonen, O., Lallukka, T. M., & Kouvonen, A. M. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106611 · Cited by 4
Preferences Toward Psychological Interventions Among Women Experiencing Infertility
Schuette, S., Woodward, J. T., & Smoski, M. J. (2022) · Integrative Medicine Reports · doi:10.1089/imr.2021.0011 · Cited by 4
The Design and Development of an Embodied Semi-Autonomous Mentoring Intelligence (SAMI) for Use in Virtual Reality Interventions, Operationalized for the Self-Management of Chronic Pain
Bartlett, J. W., Fisher, E., Liikkanen, S., Turunen, J., Skog, M., & Eccleston, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.882980 · Cited by 4
“We designed SAMI to be female, as research shows when a preference for the gender of a therapist is given, it is significantly more likely to be for a female (Pikus and Heavey, 1996; Bhati, 2014; Liddon et al., 2018; Seidler et al., 2021).”
Method
Healing the wounds of workplace bullying: Evaluating mental health and workplace participation among victims seeking treatment for common mental disorders
Aarestad, S. H., Harris, A., Hjemdal, O., Gjengedal, R. G. H., Osnes, K., Sandin, K., Rème, S. E., Hannisdal, M., & Einarsen, S. V. (2022) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-210920 · Cited by 6
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with possible vascular cognitive impairment, does sex matter?
Exalto, L. G., Boomsma, J. M. F., Sep, Y. C. P., Leeuwis, A. E., Scheltens, P., Biessels, G. J., & van der Flier, W. M. (2022) · Cerebral Circulation - Cognition and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.cccb.2022.100152 · Cited by 4
“In addition, women in general are more likely to seek medical help compared to men [39].”
Background
Motivation and Psychotherapy in Older Adults with Care Needs and Depression
Vathke, C., Kessler, E., Gellert, P. R., O’Sullivan, J. L., & Lech, S. (2022) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000305 · Cited by 6
Exploring fathers’ experiences of seeking support for postnatal depression
Davenport, C. J., & Swami, V. (2023) · Primary Health Care · doi:10.7748/phc.2023.e1810 · Cited by 4
Sex Moderates Treatment Effects of Integrated Collaborative Care for Comorbid Obesity and Depression: The RAINBOW RCT
Lv, N., Xiao, L., Rosas, L. G., Venditti, E. M., Smyth, J. M., Lewis, M. A., Snowden, M. B., Ronneberg, C. R., Williams, L. M., Gerber, B. S., et al. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa125 · Cited by 4
“In addition to differences in the prevalence and association of obesity and depression, women and men may differ in their preferences for behavioral interventions to address these conditions and may face different socioeconomic barriers to health behavior change [8, 9].”
Background
Are clinical psychologists, psychotherapists and counsellors overlooking the needs of their male clients?
Holloway, K., Seager, M., & Barry, J. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2018.1.307.15 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Complicated Grief in Mexican community sample during COVID-19 pandemic.Preprint
Rodríguez, A. D., Esquivel-Santoveña, E. E., Chávez-Valdez, S. M., Martínez-Arriaga, R. J., Jiménez, M. J. H., Valerio, E. B., Vargas, R. O. C., Arzola-Sánchez, C. A., Ramírez-Martínez, F. R., la Rosa-Gómez, A. D., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fh6wd · Cited by 4
Fluctuations in mental health in students accessing a university-wide online mental health promotion intervention before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
Viskovich, S., Fowler, J. A., & Pakenham, K. I. (2023) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2023.2212150 · Cited by 3
“Consistent with prior literature on mental health help-seeking behaviour (Liddon et al., 2018; Parent et al., 2016), markedly more females (77.”
Result
Quality of Life and Its Contributing Factors in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in Malaysia
Razali, S., Ismail, Z., Chua, Y. A., & Nawawi, H. M. (2019) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v4i10.1621 · Cited by 3
The Effectiveness of a Unified Protocol for the Family Therapy on Emotional Divorce and Marital Boredom in Women with Marital Conflict
Poorhejazi, M., Khalatbari, J., Shiroudi, S. G., & Khodabakhshi‐Koolaee, A. (2021) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.9.1.747.1 · Cited by 3
Help-seeking intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: sociodemographic factors, anxiety, and fear as predictors
Maba, A. P., Mulawarman, M., Kholili, M. I., Cahyani, A. I., Kushendar, K., Zahro, I. F., Subandi, S., Loban, M. N., Muttaqin, R., Nuril, S., et al. (2023) · Minerva Psychiatry · doi:10.23736/s2724-6612.21.02267-3 · Cited by 10
Humanistic nursing tailored to the needs of young men with cancer
El-Akhras, A., & Bilodeau, K. (2023) · Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal · doi:10.5737/23688076332239 · Cited by 4
The Role of Token Economy Therapy in Reducing the Psychological Burden of Formal Caregivers
Lawrence, K. C., Makhonza, L. O., & Aliya, M. S. (2023) · The Open Public Health Journal · doi:10.2174/18749445-v16-e230711-2022-190 · Cited by 3
Tracing Tomorrow: young people’s preferences and values related to use of personal sensing to predict mental health, using a digital game methodology
Pavarini, G., Lyreskog, D. M., Newby, D., Lorimer, J., Bennett, V., Jacobs, E., Winchester, L. M., Nevado‐Holgado, A. J., & Singh, I. (2024) · BMJ Mental Health · doi:10.1136/bmjment-2023-300897 · Cited by 4
Entrepreneurship education participation and job creation
Sá, C. M., Cowley, S., & Husain, A. (2024) · Entrepreneurship Education · doi:10.1007/s41959-024-00122-9 · Cited by 7
Effect of Coping Strategies on Perceived Stress and Hair Cortisol Levels During the COVID‐19 Pandemic According to Sex
Arcand, M., Zerroug, Y., Peyrot, C., Cernik, R., Herba, C. M., & Marin, M. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70012 · Cited by 3
Social Workers’ Working Experiences with Men in the Provision of Mental Health Services
Akçay, S., & Akar, B. (2025) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2025.2467391 · Cited by 3
“Because men’s help-seeking behavior is lower than women (Chatmon, 2020; Güleç et al., 2011; Kessler et al., 1981; Koydemir & Demir, 2005; Liddon et al., 2017; Mackenzie et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2005) and when men face mental health problems, they exhibit an indifferent attitude toward their own…”
Associations of antidepressant use with alcohol use and problem drinking: Ontario population data from 1999 to 2017
Chavarria, J., Wells, S. L., Elton‐Marshall, T., & Rehm, J. T. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00526-3 · Cited by 3
Association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels among women with hyperlipidaemia
Kuo, W., Ersig, A. L., Johnson, H. M., Brown, R., Oakley, L. D., Hagen, E. W., Barnet, J. H., & Peppard, P. E. (2022) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1093/eurjcn/zvac032 · Cited by 3
L’accompagnement infirmier personnalisé aux besoins des jeunes hommes atteints d’un cancer
El-Akhras, A., & Bilodeau, K. (2023) · Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal · doi:10.5737/23688076332231 · Cited by 4
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Kohl, F., Müting, G., Reineke, F., Schmook, R., & Angerer, P. (2023) · Zentralblatt für Arbeitsmedizin Arbeitsschutz und Ergonomie · doi:10.1007/s40664-023-00513-0 · Cited by 3
Ethno-Cultural Factors of Demand for Alternative Practices in the Field of Physical and Mental Health
Antonova, N. A., & Eritsyan, K. Y. (2023) · Social Psychology and Society · doi:10.17759/sps.2023140204 · Cited by 3
“Действительно, мужчины обращаются за медицинской помощью реже, чем женщины [9], реже сообщают о том, что нуждаются в помощи, в том числе и психологической [13; 34].”
Determinants of the intention to seek psychotherapeutic consultation at work - a cross-sectional study in Germany
Kohl, F., Angerer, P., & Weber, J. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16852-9 · Cited by 4
“Although intention to seek mental health treatment is known as a good predictor for actual utilisation [44, 49], no conclusions on actual utilisation can be drawn with the results of the present study.”
BackgroundResult
Psychosocial factors associated with treatment preference in mental health
Morejón, A. J. V., González, C. F., Muñoz‐Caracuel, M., & Vázquez-Morejón, R. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241236105 · Cited by 4
“Although men also prefer psychological treatments over pharmacological ones (Sierra Hernandez et al., 2014) various studies find a slightly higher acceptance of pharmacological treatments in men (Burg et al., 2011; Liddon et al., 2018; Peral Cabrera & Ruisoto Palomera, 2018).”
Background
Emotion-focused skills training for parents – a narrative review
Ansar, N. (2024) · Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies · doi:10.1080/14779757.2024.2327993 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, previous research suggests that the mental health and well-being of both fathers and mothers is likely to be important for child development (Liddon et al., 2018; Morris et al., 2017; Salari & Filus, 2017).”
Factors Associated with Prospective Acceptability and Preferences for Unified Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments and Group Therapy in the Portuguese General Population
Pedro, L. M. R., de Oliveira, M. C. S., Pereira, M., Fonseca, A., & Canavarro, M. C. (2024) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-024-01391-1 · Cited by 4
“While some studies report that women seem to have more favorable attitudes toward group format (Carter et al., 2001 ; Strauss et al., 2015), Liddon et al., (2018) described greater acceptability of group therapy in men.”
Background
Facilitators and barriers faced by community organizations supporting older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Haase, K. R., Sirois, A. C., Detwyler, D., Kardeh, B., Peacock, S., Cosco, T. D., Kamali, M., & O’Connell, M. E. (2025) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-025-05816-w · Cited by 4
“There were mixed findings about whether gender-specific programs were of more interest to men or women-however we note that gender differences for supports and coping existed before the pandemic [37–39].”
A feasibility study of a novel work-focused relational group CBT treatment programme for moderate to severe recurrent depression
Walker, N., Vernon-Smith, M., & Townend, M. (2021) · Mental Health Review Journal · doi:10.1108/mhrj-01-2021-0005 · Cited by 3
“Some may have had previous negative experience of CBT (Barnes et al., 2012) 514 or may have preferred a different modality (Liddon et al., 2018, Seidler et al., 2018).”
Background

Authors: Liddon, L., Kingerlee, R., & Barry, J. A.
Affiliations: Northumbria University (GB)
Norfolk and Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Barry, John A.
ORCID: Barry, John A.
Venue: British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2017-07-09
Volume: 57
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-58
ISSN: 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
2044-8260
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12147
OpenAlex: W2733481773
Cited by: 387
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 10
FWCI: 34.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: gender differences, help-seeking, coping strategies, stress coping, support groups, pornography use
MeSH terms: Help-Seeking Behavior, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Education, Distance

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Gender differences in preferences for psychological treatment, coping strategies, and triggers to help-seeking

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