Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking

Addis, Michael E.; Mahalik, James R.

doi:10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.5

Cited by 2,761Gender Roles and Identity StudiesGender and Feminist StudiesMental Health Treatment and Access

Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking

Addis, Michael E., Mahalik, James R.·2003·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.5

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Abstract

Research on men's help seeking yields strategies for enhancing men's use of mental and physical health resources. Analysis of the assumptions underlying existing theory and research also provides a context for evaluating the psychology of men and masculinity as an evolving area of social scientific inquiry. The authors identify several theoretical and methodological obstacles that limit understanding of the variable ways that men do or do not seek help from mental and physical health care professionals. A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts. This approach begins to integrate the psychology of men and masculinity with theory and methodology from other disciplines and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking.

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These norms may cause male victims to be reluctant to express fear or sad emotions or call the police even when they have good reasons to do so.
“These norms may cause male victims to be reluctant to express fear or sad emotions or call the police even when they have good reasons to do so (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Hines et al. 2007).”
From Male Victims’ Experiences With and Perceptions of the Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse (2022) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003
Stigma surrounding male help-seeking frequently serves as a barrier to accessing appropriate health-related supports.
“More generally, similar recommendations have been made in the men’s physical and mental health literature, where stigma surrounding male help-seeking frequently serves as a barrier to accessing appropriate health-related supports [34–36].”
From Men’s grief following pregnancy loss and neonatal loss: a systematic review and emerging theoretical model (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
Norms attached to male resilience, independence and strength may be further enhanced for adult males from ethnic minority backgrounds, as evidenced by survivors in this study who still displayed substantial levels of shame and embarrassment around disclosing their childhood and adolescent sexual abuse.
“It is evident how norms attached to male resilience, independence and strength [73] may be further enhanced for adult males from ethnic minority backgrounds as evidenced by survivors in this study who still displayed substantial levels of shame and embarrassment around disclosing their childhood and adolescent sexual abuse.”
From ‘We don’t talk about that around here’: an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of South Asian male survivors’ experiences of childhood sexual abuse in the UK (2025) · cites this paper as [73]
Social perception of masculinity and stigma is one of the pervasive barriers to male victims seeking help.
“This points out to social perception of masculinity and stigma as one of the pervasive male victim’s barriers to seeking help (first subtheme of Theme 1) (Addis & Mahalik, 2003).”
From Male Victims’ Experiences With and Perceptions of the Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse (2022) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003
Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties.
“Compared to women, men are less likely to seek help for mental health difficulties.”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003

Self-stigmatizing beliefs further discourage men from seeking help.
“These self-stigmatizing beliefs further discourage men from seeking help”
From Improving Mental Health Service Utilization Among Men: A Systematic Review and Synthesis of Behavior Change Techniques Within Interventions Targeting Help-Seeking (2019) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003
The review's findings support the theoretical view that adherence to traditional masculinity norms reduces men's willingness to seek help.
“Our findings support the theoretical view that adherence to traditional masculinity norms reduces men's willingness to seek help”
From A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men (2015) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003
Because help-seeking barriers for men and women are different, at least in beliefs and attitudes about help-seeking, the multitude of studies that investigate gender differences are less useful in unravelling the causes and mechanisms of the barriers.
“because the help-seeking barriers for men and women are different, at least when it comes to beliefs and attitudes about help-seeking, the multitude of studies that investigate gender differences are less useful in unravelling the causes and mechanisms of the barriers”
From A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men (2015) · cites this paper as Addis and Mahalik (2003)
Current research suggests that men may benefit from MBIs less than women, and that men are less likely to engage in and acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapies such as MBIs.
“Current research suggests that men may benefit from MBIs less than women, and that men are less likely to engage in and acknowledge the helpfulness of psychotherapies such as MBIs (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Pattyn et al., 2015; Rojiani et al., 2017).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of mindful recovery opioid use care continuum (M-ROCC): A concurrent mixed methods study (2021) · cites this paper as Addis & Mahalik, 2003
Young women were overrepresented in online mental health services in much the same way as in traditional face-to-face care [81].
“Interestingly, young women were overrepresented in online mental health services in much the same way as in traditional face-to-face care [81].”
From Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review (2014) · cites this paper as [81]

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Authors: Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R.
Affiliations: Clark University (US)
ORCID: Addis, Michael E.
Mahalik, James R.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2003
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 5-14
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.58.1.5
OpenAlex: W2156759043
Cited by: 2,761
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 185 · 2025: 178 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 140 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 175 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 136 · 2013: 133 · 2012: 111
FWCI: 108.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Clark Digital Commons (Clark University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r29mh057778-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (R29 MH57778)
Topics: Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: men's help-seeking, masculinity, psychology of men, social construction of masculinity, socialization, mental health service utilization, adaptive help-seeking, gender and health care
MeSH terms: Adult, Cultural Characteristics, Decision Making, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Men, Mental Health Services, Social Conditions, Health Behavior

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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking

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Integrity signals

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