Contemporary retinal imaging techniques in diabetic retinopathy: a review
Open accessAbstract
Over the last decade, there has been an expansion of imaging modalities available to clinicians to diagnose and monitor the treatment and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Recently, advances in image technologies related to OCT and OCT angiography have enabled improved visualization and understanding of this disease. In this review, we will describe the use of imaging techniques such as colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, infrared reflectance imaging, OCT, OCT‐Angiography and techniques in adaptive optics and hyperspectral imaging in the diagnosis and management of diabetic retinopathy.
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Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is the widely accepted gold standard for visualizing retinal vasculature and has been crucial in diagnosing various chorioretinal diseases for over 30 years.
“Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), the widely accepted gold standard for visualizing retinal vasculature, has been crucial in diagnosing various chorioretinal diseases for over 30 years1.”
From Generative artificial intelligence for fundus fluorescein angiography interpretation and human expert evaluation (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
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Diabetic retinopathy: current understanding, mechanisms, and treatment strategies
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- Authors
- Cole, E. D., Novais, E. A., Louzada, R. N., & Waheed, N. K.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waheed, Nadia K
- Venue
- Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-02-25
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-299
- ISSN
- 1442-6404 (ISSN-L)
- 1442-9071
- OpenAlex
- W2304562840
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Research to Prevent Blindness
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Carl Zeiss Meditec AG
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Coherence Tomography Applications
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, retinal imaging, optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, infrared reflectance imaging, adaptive optics, hyperspectral imaging, disease diagnosis, disease surveillance
- MeSH terms
- Diabetic Retinopathy, Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans
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