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Astrocyte morphology: Diversity, plasticity, and role in neurological diseases

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Zhou, Bin, Zuo, Yun‐Xia, Jiang, Ruo‐Tian·2019·CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
DOI 10.1111/cns.13123PMC PMC6515705
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Abstract

Summary: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in synaptic, circuit, and behavioral functions. The well‐developed protoplasmic astrocytes contain numerous processes forming well‐delineated bushy territories that overlap by as little as 5% at their boundaries. This highly complex morphology, with up to approximately 80% of the cell's membrane constituted by fine processes with dimensions on the tens of nanometer scale and high surface area to volume ratios, comes in contact with synapses, blood vessels, and other glial cells. Recent progress is challenging the conventional view that astrocytes are morphologically homogeneous throughout the brain; instead, they display circuit‐ and region‐specific morphological diversity that may contribute to the heterogeneous astrocyte‐neuron spatiotemporal interplay in different brain areas. Further, the fine structure of astrocytes is found to be highly plastic and activity‐dependent. We are beginning to understand how astrocyte structural plasticity contributes to brain functions. The change/loss of astrocyte morphology, traditionally known as a hallmark for reactive astrogliosis, is a common pathological feature in many neurological disorders. However, recent data suggest the fine structural deficits preceding reactive astrogliosis may drive disease progression. This review summarizes recent advances in astrocyte morphological diversity, plasticity, and disease‐related deficits.

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  • Under pathological conditions, astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis characterized by morphological and functional changes such as hypertrophy, process elongation, up-regulation of GFAP, or dynamic relocalization of proteins such as aquaporin-4.

    “Under pathological conditions, they undergo reactive astrogliosis, characterized by morphological and functional changes such as hypertrophy, process elongation, up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (2–5), or dynamic relocalization of proteins such as aquaporin-4 (6, 7).”

    From Varicose projection astrocytes: Conserved reactive cells in brain pathology (2026) · cites this paper as [2]

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Zhou, B., Zuo, Y., & Jiang, R.
Affiliations
  • Sichuan University (CN)
  • Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Translational Neuroscience Center West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
ORCID
Venue
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-03-30
Volume
25
Issue
6
Pages
665-673
ISSN
  • 1755-5930 (ISSN-L)
  • 1755-5949
DOI
10.1111/cns.13123
PMC
PMC6515705
OpenAlex
W2925613754
Cited by
417
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 44 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8
FWCI
3.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Thousand Talents Plan in Sichuan Province
  • The National Natural Science Foundation of China (31600832, 8187051920)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
astrocyte morphology, protoplasmic astrocyte, astrocyte heterogeneity, astrocyte-neuron interaction, reactive astrogliosis, neurological disorders, astrocyte dysfunction
MeSH terms
Animals, Astrocytes, Brain, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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