The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 113 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient
Abstract
An increasing number of international initiatives aim to reconcile development with conservation. Crucial to successful implementation of these initiatives is a comprehensive understanding of the current ecological condition of landscapes and their spatial distributions. Here, we provide a cumulative measure of human modification of terrestrial lands based on modeling the physical extents of 13 anthropogenic stressors and their estimated impacts using spatially explicit global datasets with a median year of 2016. We quantified the degree of land modification and the amount and spatial configuration of low modified lands (i.e., natural areas relatively free from human alteration) across all ecoregions and biomes. We identified that fewer unmodified lands remain than previously reported and that most of the world is in a state of intermediate modification, with 52% of ecoregions classified as moderately modified. Given that these moderately modified ecoregions fall within critical land use thresholds, we propose that they warrant elevated attention and require proactive spatial planning to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function before important environmental values are lost.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet
Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockström, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., Biggs, R., Carpenter, S. R., de Vries, W., de Wit, C. A., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1259855 · Cited by 12,527
High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1244693 · Cited by 11,704
Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity
Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., Glidden, S., Bunn, S. E., Sullivan, C. A., Liermann, C. R., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09440 · Cited by 7,582
Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation
Wright, J., Lillesand, T. M., & Kiefer, R. W. (1980) · The Geographical Journal · doi:10.2307/634969 · Cited by 7,238
A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems
Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J. F., Casey, K. S., Ebert, C., Fox, H. E., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1149345 · Cited by 6,627
Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth’s ecosystems
Haddad, N. M., Brudvig, L. A., Clobert, J., Davies, K. F., Gonzalez, A., Holt, R. D., Lovejoy, T. E., Sexton, J. O., Austin, M. P., Collins, C. D., et al. (2015) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500052 · Cited by 4,773
Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity
Newbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Hill, S. L. L., Contu, S., Lysenko, I., Senior, R. A., Börger, L., Bennett, D. J., Choimes, A., Collen, B., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14324 · Cited by 4,352
OpenStreetMap: User-Generated Street Maps
Haklay, M., & Weber, P. (2008) · IEEE Pervasive Computing · doi:10.1109/mprv.2008.80 · Cited by 3,194
GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis
Leake, C., & Malczewski, J. (2000) · The Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/254268 · Cited by 3,032
Ecosystems and human well-being: current state and trends
Hassan, R., Scholes, R. J., & Ash, N. (2005) · Cited by 2,582
Cited by
People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years
Ellis, E. C., Gauthier, N., Klein Goldewijk, K., Bliege Bird, R., Boivin, N., Díaz, S., Fuller, D. Q., Gill, J. L., Kaplan, J. O., Kingston, N., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118 · Cited by 836
Understanding the Importance of Dynamic Landscape Connectivity
Zeller, K., Lewison, R., Fletcher, R., Tulbure, M., & Jennings, M. (2020) · Land · doi:10.3390/land9090303 · Cited by 96
Bohnett, E., Hoctor, T., O’Brien, M., Thompson, E., Smith, D. J., Frank, K., Oetting, J., & Noss, R. (2026) · Discover Conservation · doi:10.1007/s44353-026-00078-y
“Global human influence datasets such as Anthromes [22], Global Human Modification (GHM) [40], Human Footprint [75], and Low Impact Areas [38] provide broad-scale representations of anthropogenic pressures on the Earth’s surface.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Kennedy, C. M., Oakleaf, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Baruch‐Mordo, S., & Kiesecker, J.
- Venue
- Global Change Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-01-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 811-826
- ISSN
- 1354-1013 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2486
- OpenAlex
- W2910295117
- Cited by
- 722
- References
- 113
- FWCI
- 33.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/gcb.14549
- The paper
- Kennedy, C. M., Oakleaf, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Baruch‐Mordo, S., & Kiesecker, J. (2019). Managing the middle: A shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. Global Change Biology. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14549
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
