Extended ozone depletion and reduced snow and ice cover—Consequences for Antarctic biota
Open accessAbstract
Stratospheric ozone, which has been depleted in recent decades by the release of anthropogenic gases, is critical for shielding the biosphere against ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation. Although the ozone layer is expected to recover before the end of the 21st century, a hole over Antarctica continues to appear each year. Ozone depletion usually peaks between September and October, when fortunately, most Antarctic terrestrial vegetation and soil biota is frozen, dormant and protected under snow cover. Similarly, much marine life is protected by sea ice cover. The ozone hole used to close before the onset of Antarctic summer, meaning that most biota were not exposed to severe springtime UV‐B fluxes. However, in recent years, ozone depletion has persisted into December, which marks the beginning of austral summer. Early summertime ozone depletion is concerning: high incident UV‐B radiation coincident with snowmelt and emergence of vegetation will mean biota is more exposed. The start of summer is also peak breeding season for many animals, thus extreme UV‐B exposure (UV index up to 14) may come at a vulnerable time in their life cycle. Climate change, including changing wind patterns and strength, and particularly declining sea ice, are likely to compound UV‐B exposure of Antarctic organisms, through earlier ice and snowmelt, heatwaves and droughts. Antarctic field research conducted decades ago tended to study UV impacts in isolation and more research that considers multiple climate impacts, and the true magnitude and timing of current UV increases is needed.
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During 2020-2023, the Antarctic ozone hole persisted into early summer.
“During 2020–2023, the Antarctic ozone hole persisted into early summer [190], with implications for southern high-latitude ecosystems.”
Together with early summer snow melt, these compounding factors exposed Antarctic and Southern Ocean biota to increased UV irradiation, with potentially negative consequences for marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
“Together with early summer snow melt, these compounding factors exposed Antarctic and Southern Ocean biota to increased UV irradiation, with potentially negative consequences for marine and terrestrial ecosystems [190]; for example, species at the base of the food chain may be particularly affected due to the increased cost of producing UV-protective compounds [190].”
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Jones, S., King, D. H., Cummings, V. J., Robinson, S. A., & Waterman, M. J. (2025) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.70392 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Fan, F., Zhao, Y. J., Li, H., Liu, S., Li, G., & Zhang, P. (2025) · Plant Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109730 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ecological processes shaping Antarctic terrestrial biodiversity change
McGeoch, M., Lee, J. R., Affleck, S., Arblaster, J. M., Cavieres, L. A., Clarke, D. A., Greening, C., Holland, S. I., McLennan, S. M., Renault, D., et al. (2026) · Nature Reviews Biodiversity · doi:10.1038/s44358-025-00113-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chatzopoulou, A., Tourpali, K., Bais, A. F., & Braesicke, P. (2024) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43630-024-00676-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Siskind, D. E., Jones, M., & Reep, J. W. (2025) · Annales Geophysicae · doi:10.5194/angeo-43-201-2025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McDonough, L. K., Holt, A. D., Hamilton, E., Randall, K. L., Saunders, K. M., Robinson, S. A., Spencer, R. G. M., Mckenna, A. M., Linnenlucke, L., & Meredith, K. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2025jg008931 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPerera-Castro, A. V., Solarte, M. E., Egawa, A., Brito‐Gutiérrez, P., Waterman, M. J., Robinson, S. A., Flexas, J., & Gulías, J. (2025) · Annals of Botany · doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf242 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAntarctic terrestrial and freshwater biological responses to climate change
Bokhorst, S., Convey, P., Newsham, K. K., & Nielsen, U. N. (2026) · Antarctic Science · doi:10.1017/s0954102026100765 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Programmable resilience: harnessing extreme fungi for climate-adaptive biosystems
Coleine, C. (2026) · Fungal Biology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.fbr.2026.100502 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quantifying the contribution of transport to Antarctic springtime ozone column variability
Kessenich, H. E., Seppälä, A., Smale, D., Rodger, C. J., & Weber, M. C. (2025) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-25-17527-2025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wu, Y., Yin, H., Randall, K. L., Waterman, M. J., Turnbull, J. D., & Robinson, S. A. (2026) · Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences · doi:10.1029/2026jg009718
Self-citationBallık, B., Hammerle, F. J., Pita, F. M., Görünmek, M., Omidi, A., Grappadelli, A. C., Liang, W., Oberosler, A., Karsavran, K., Çamur, G. N., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1858620
Sea ice extent data analysis using statistical and unsupervised learning methods
Alekseiko, V., Levashenko, V., Voichur, Y., & Medzatyi, D. (2025) · International Workshop on Intelligent Information Technologies & Systems of Information Security (IntelITSIS) · doi:10.55056/ceur-ws.org/vol-3963/paper4.pdf
Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation Influence the Skin Microbiome of Humpback Whales
Murillo-Herrera, A. I., Eguiarte, L. E., Gómez, E. P. A., Castro, C., Acevedo, J., Castrillón, J., Oyarzun, L., Valenzuela, P., Aguayo‐Lobo, A., Pastene, L. A., et al. (2026) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.70500
- Authors
- Robinson, S. A., Revell, L. E., Mackenzie, R., & Ossola, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Wollongong (AU)
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Instituto de Biodiversidad de Ecosistemas Antárticos y Subantárticos (CL)
- Colorado State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Sharon A.
- Venue
- Global Change Biology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e17283-e17283
- ISSN
- 1354-1013 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2486
- OpenAlex
- W4395480530
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Global Change Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- University of Canterbury Research Repository (University of Canterbury) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Royal Society Te Apārangi (RDF‐UOC2203)
- New Zealand Government
- Australian Research Council (DP200100223, SRIEAS SR200100005)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (P500PN_206690/2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Polar Research and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Keywords
- stratospheric ozone depletion, Antarctic ozone hole, UV-B radiation, snow and ice cover, sea ice decline, snowmelt, climate change, breeding season, UV index
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antarctic Regions, Seasons, Snow, Ultraviolet Rays, Ice Cover, Climate Change, Biota, Stratospheric Ozone, Ozone Depletion
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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