Increased expression of senescence markers p14ARF and p16INK4a in breast cancer is associated with an increased risk of disease recurrence and poor survival outcome
Abstract
Aims: Breast cancer is a hormonally driven disease. Cellular senescence is an age‐related irreversible cell cycle arrest at the G 1 phase upon induction. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression patterns of the senescence markers p14 ARF, p16 INK4a and p21 WAF1/Cip1 during breast cancer progression in a large patient cohort. Methods and results: We conducted a retrospective study of 1080 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma, no special type, over an 11‐year period. We performed immunohistochemical staining on tissue microarrays that included normal, benign hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma tissue from each patient. Invasive ductal carcinomas showed higher expression of p14 ARF and p16 INK4a but lower expression of p21 WAF1/Cip1 than non‐malignant tissues. There were significant correlations of normal, benign, preinvasive and malignant tissues with p14 ARF, p16 INK4a and p21 WAF1/Cip1 expression (P < 0.05). Univariate comparison showed a correlation between high p16 INK4a expression and poor survival (P = 0.000) and an increased risk of relapse (P = 0.000), whereas high p14 ARF expression correlated only with an increased risk of relapse (P = 0.038). Multivariate analysis showed p16 INK4a to be an important prognostic factor for overall survival (P = 0.011) and disease‐free survival (P = 0.004), with p14 ARF also being a significant prognostic factor for disease‐free survival (P = 0.043). Moreover, patients showing both high p16 INK4a expression and and high p14 ARF expression had an adjusted three‐fold increased risk of disease recurrence (P < 0.05) and a two‐fold increased risk of all‐cause‐related death (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These finding suggest p16 INK4a expression and p14 ARF expression may play an important role in the progression of proliferative breast tissue to invasive cancer, and may be useful as prognostic factors.
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In breast cancer, increased expressions of senescence markers p14ARF and p16INK4a were associated with increased risk of disease recurrence and poor survival outcomes.
“Another study of breast cancer demonstrated that the increased expressions of senescence markers p14ARF and p16INK4a were associated with increased risk of disease recurrence and poor survival outcomes [43].”
From Senescence and Cancer: A Review of Clinical Implications of Senescence and Senotherapies (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Pare, R., Shin, J., & Lee, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Ingham Institute (AU)
- Liverpool Hospital (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Cheok Soon
- Venue
- Histopathology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-04-28
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 479-491
- ISSN
- 0309-0167 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2559
- OpenAlex
- W2261448069
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Histopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah
- Cancer Institute NSW
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Keywords
- breast cancer, cellular senescence, p14ARF, p16INK4a, p21, invasive ductal carcinoma, recurrence, prognostic factors, overall survival, disease-free survival, ductal carcinoma in situ, benign breast hyperplasia, tumor progression, cell cycle arrest, G1 cell cycle arrest
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Tumor, Proportional Hazards Models, Cellular Senescence, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast, Disease-Free Survival, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF, Tissue Array Analysis, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
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