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Cited by 231Comparative Animal Anatomy StudiesImmunotoxicology and immune responsesLymphatic System and Diseases

Human spleen microanatomy: why mice do not suffice

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Steiniger, Birte S.·2015·Immunology
DOI 10.1111/imm.12469PMC PMC4479533
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Abstract

Summary: The microanatomical structure of the spleen has been primarily described in mice and rats. This leads to terminological problems with respect to humans and their species‐specific splenic microstructure. In mice, rats and humans the spleen consists of the white pulp embedded in the red pulp. In the white pulp, T and B lymphocytes form accumulations, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and the follicles, located around intermediate‐sized arterial vessels, the central arteries. The red pulp is a reticular connective tissue containing all types of blood cells. The spleen of mice and rats exhibits an additional well‐delineated B‐cell compartment, the marginal zone, between white and red pulp. This area is, however, absent in human spleen. Human splenic secondary follicles comprise three zones: a germinal centre, a mantle zone and a superficial zone. In humans, arterioles and sheathed capillaries in the red pulp are surrounded by lymphocytes, especially by B cells. Human sheathed capillaries are related to the splenic ellipsoids of most other vertebrates. Such vessels are lacking in rats or mice, which form an evolutionary exception. Capillary sheaths are composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, special stromal sheath cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. Human spleens most probably host a totally open circulation system, as connections from capillaries to sinuses were not found in the red pulp. Three stromal cell types of different phenotype and location occur in the human white pulp. Splenic white and red pulp structure is reviewed in rats, mice and humans to encourage further investigations on lymphocyte recirculation through the spleen.

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  • Human spleens have a different distribution of T cells within germinal centres compared to mice, with humans lacking a clear bridging outer layer.

    “Human spleens have a different distribution of T cells within germinal centres compared to mice, with humans lacking a clear bridging outer layer.”

    From The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications (2025) · cites this paper as [46]

    The Introduction (page not provided) says human germinal centres contain many CD4+ T cells, especially at their surface, and that humans lack the distinct marginal zone found in mice. It does not compare T-cell distribution within human and mouse germinal centres or describe a “bridging outer layer,” so those specifics are not supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The organization of T and B cell zones in the spleen differs significantly between mice and humans, potentially impacting immune responses.

    “The organization of T and B cell zones in the spleen differs significantly between the two species, potentially impacting immune responses(45, 46).”

    From The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications (2025) · cites this paper as [46]

    The Abstract and Introduction (pages unavailable) describe species differences in splenic B-cell compartments, including a mouse marginal zone absent in humans, and differences in the arrangement of follicles and T-cell sheaths. The paper discusses immune functions, but the passages do not establish that these organizational differences affect immune responses between the species. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Mice treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail are resistant to alcohol-induced liver injury.

    “while mice treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail are resistant to alcohol-induced liver injury (46).”

    From The liver as a central "hub" of the immune system: pathophysiological implications (2025) · cites this paper as [46]

    The Introduction discusses spleen microanatomy in mice and the relationship between gut pathology and splenic function in humans; it does not address alcohol-induced liver injury. Searches for a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail and for antibiotics, alcohol, and liver injury found no passage reporting the claimed result in mice. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Authors
Steiniger, B. S.
Affiliations
Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
Corresponding author
Steiniger, Birte S.
ORCID
Steiniger, Birte S.
Venue
Immunology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015-06-12
Volume
145
Issue
3
Pages
334-346
ISSN
  • 0019-2805 (ISSN-L)
  • 1365-2567
DOI
10.1111/imm.12469
PMC
PMC4479533
OpenAlex
W2030996837
Cited by
231
References
117
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
FWCI
3.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Immunology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Comparative Animal Anatomy Studies
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotoxicology and immune responses
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Lymphatic System and Diseases
Keywords
human spleen, white pulp, red pulp, periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, splenic follicles, marginal zone, germinal center, mantle zone, splenic stromal cells, lymphocyte recirculation, mice, rats
MeSH terms
Anatomy, Comparative, Animals, B-Lymphocytes, Capillaries, Cell Movement, Humans, Models, Anatomic, Spleen, Mice, Rats

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