RETRACTED: Effects of breathing exercise techniques on the pain and anxiety of burn patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
This systematic review and meta‐analysis aim to summarise the effect of breathing exercise techniques (BET) on the pain and anxiety of burn patients during burn care. A systematic search was performed on international electronic databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, as well as on Iranian electronic databases such as Iranmedex and Scientific Information Database (SID) with keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as ‘Burns’, ‘Bandages’, ‘Pain’, ‘Pain management’, ‘Anxiety’, ‘Breathing’, and ‘Breathing exercise’, which were performed from the earliest to 4 April 2022. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist assessed the quality of randomised control trials (RCTs) and quasi‐experimental studies. The current meta‐analysis was performed using STATA V.14.0 software. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine significance levels. Random effect model was used to calculate the weighted mean difference (WMD). A total of 469 burn patients participated in 10 studies. Exactly 58.60% of burn patients were male, and the number of people in the intervention and control groups was equal. The mean age of burn patients was 32.84 (SD = 10.39). Exactly 78.05% of patients had second‐degree burns. The mean study duration was 19 weeks. Results of analysis of RCT studies showed BET decreased insignificantly pain severity (WMD: −1.17, 95%CI: −2.54 to 0.21, Z = 1.66, P = .096, I2:97.1%) in the intervention group than control group. However, the results of non‐RCTs studies indicated BET significantly decreased pain (WMD: −1.38, 95%CI: −2.16 to −0.61, Z = 3.49, P < .001, I2:88.4%) and anxiety (WMD: −4.91, 95%CI: −9.35 to −0.47, Z = 2.71, P = .03 0.001, I2:88.4%) in the intervention group than control group. Overall, the results of RCTs found BET intervention decreased pain in the intervention group when compared with the control group; however, it was statistically insignificant. Also, results of non‐RCT studies showed intervention of BET significantly decreased pain and anxiety in burns patients. More RCTs studies are required for better judgement of the effectiveness of BET intervention in clinical settings.
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Existing literature confirms widespread benefits of slow breathing practices for stress/anxiety reduction, but null or negative results are reported in some studies.
“Although existing literature confirms the widespread benefits of slow breathing practices for stress/anxiety reduction [23,24,25,35,36,37,38], null or negative results are reported in some studies [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50].”
From Breathing Practices for Stress and Anxiety Reduction: Conceptual Framework of Implementation Guidelines Based on a Systematic Review of the Published Literature (2023) · cites this paper as [37]
The Results section reports that breathing exercises, including deep, slow breathing, reduced anxiety in burn patients; the Discussion likewise concludes that breathing techniques reduced anxiety during burn care (page unavailable). This supports the benefit cited in the first part of the sentence, but not a widespread stress-reduction benefit across populations. The null-or-negative-results clause has a separate set of citations and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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RetractedRETRACTED: A systematic review of the exercise effects on burn wound healing
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RetractedNg, H. H., Wu, C. W., Hsu, H., Huang, C., Hsu, A., Chao, Y., Jung, T., & Chuang, C. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/55478 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The role of nursing care during post-burn mood disorders: A narrative review
Zabihi, M. R., Bastani, M., Rashtiani, S., Yavari, S., Akhoondian, M. J., & Farzan, R. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Reports in Clinical Practice · doi:10.32598/jnrcp.2403.1041 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wang, H., Kwok, W. H., Yao, L.-Q., Liu, X., Bressington, D. T., Chen, M., Huang, H., Wang, T., & Tan, J.-Y. B. (2024) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2024.102625 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Yang, L., Yuan, B., Ju, Y., Liu, W., & Wang, Y. (2024) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.14798 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RetractedAbdelkhalek, D. Y., Sheta, H. A. E.-S., & Omran, E. S. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Science Benha University/Journal of Nursing Science Benha University · doi:10.21608/jnsbu.2024.343706 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zabihi, M. R., Akhoondian, M. J., Tamimi, P., Ghaderi, A., Mazhari, S. A., Farhadi, B., Karkhah, S., Vajargah, P. G., Mobayen, M., Norouzkhani, N., et al. (2024) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000002055 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, L., Liu, Z., Zhu, H., & Xu, H. (2024) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.14717 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RetractedGitler, A., Kula, Y., Katz, C., & Gidron, Y. (2025) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1008771 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychosocial recovery and reintegration of patients with burn injuries
Fauerbach, J. A., Loey, N. E. E. V., Roaten, K., & Rimmer, R. B. B. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88389-4.00063-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
R, R. C., & -, S. C. P. (2023) · e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering Electronics and Energy · doi:10.1016/j.prime.2023.100323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anxiety Monitoring and Digital Meditation Aids
Kanniga Devi, R., & Muthuraman, P. (2024) · International Conference on Electrical Electronics and Computing Technologies (ICEECT) · doi:10.1109/iceect61758.2024.10739069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2025) · International Wound Journal · doi:10.1111/iwj.70236 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
RetractedChemical burn wounds as a risk factor for gastric cancer: in-silico analyses—experimental research
Zabihi, M. R., Akhoondian, M. J., Tohidian, M., Karkhah, S., Vajargah, P. G., Mazhari, S. A., Farhadi, B., & Farzan, R. (2024) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000002240
Self-citationThe role of nursing, pharmacology, and diagnostics in pain management
Alharbi, A. F., Abdullah, . A., Alanazi, J. K., Alshaibani, . S., Taleb, D. O. B., Alquwaidi, M. K., Alanazi, M. S., Alhenaki, A. A., Aljaloud, . A., Alsoulaimi, . M., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v7ns1.14999
Laoli, Z., Butar-butar, F., & Halawa, A. (2024) · Journal of Telenursing (JOTING) · doi:10.31539/joting.v6i1.9902
Heydari, M., Seyyedkazemi, S. M., Joghataei, M. T., Ghomi, F. M., Kenari, H. M., Sadigh, N., Rustamzadeh, A., Bakhtiari, M., & Alizadeh-Otaghvar, H. (2024) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.39.16
Nugraha, D. A. (2023) · Physiotherapy & Health Science (PhysioHS) · doi:10.22219/physiohs.v6i2.30309
Zarei, M., Shahdadi, H., Naderifar, M., Assadibidmeshki, E., & Abdollahimohammad, A. (2026) · Orthopaedic Nursing · doi:10.1097/nor.0000000000001184
Holisticscape dimensions of the tourism experience in wellness spas: Evidence from Portugal
Valente-Pedro, C., Matos, N., & Pinto, P. S. L. G. D. S. (2026) · Tourism and Hospitality Research · doi:10.1177/14673584261454379
- Authors
- Miri, S., Hosseini, S. J., Takasi, P., Mollaei, A., Firooz, M., Falakdami, A., Osuji, J., Ghorbani Vajargah, P., & Karkhah, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Guilan (IR)
- Department of Nursing Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences Esfarayen Iran
- Guilan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Mount Royal University (CA)
- Burn and Regenerative Medicine Research Center Guilan University of Medical Sciences Rasht Iran
- Corresponding author
- Karkhah, Samad
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Wound Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-12-20
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2360-2375
- ISSN
- 1742-4801 (ISSN-L)
- 1742-481X
- PMC
- PMC10333038
- OpenAlex
- W4312065504
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- retraction (2025-02-25)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Wound Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Burn Injury Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- burn patients, pain, anxiety, pain management, burn treatment, retracted article, non-randomized studies, quality of evidence, anxiety reduction, non-pharmacological treatment, second-degree burns, nursing interventions, patient education, patient satisfaction, patient safety
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Pain, Exercise, Pain Management
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