Review article: the management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Open accessAbstract
Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 461–476 Summary: Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is the leading cause of death in cirrhosis. A majority of patients present at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. Aim To review the current screening, diagnosis and management strategies involved in hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed for publications with a predetermined search string to identify relevant studies. Results Hepatocellular carcinoma is dramatically increasing in incidence that is mostly attributed to chronic hepatitis C and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and its clinical phenotype diabetes and obesity. Cirrhosis is the major predisposing risk factor and its presence necessitates close surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma with serial imaging studies. Hepatocellular carcinoma can be diagnosed by its unique radiological behaviour of arterial enhancement and washout on delayed images. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification system is a clinically useful algorithm for the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The simultaneous presence of cirrhosis in the patients complicates their management and monitoring for cirrhosis‐related complications is important. Conclusions Early diagnosis and definitive treatment remains the key to long‐term outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is critical to the successful management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies combining sorafenib with locoregional or other targeted molecular therapies are likely to improve responses and outcome.
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Liver cirrhosis is the most important unifying risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.
“Hence, the presence of liver cirrhosis represents the most important unifying risk factor for the development of HCC.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
About 80-90% of hepatocellular carcinomas arise in advanced fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, and roughly one in three patients with compensated cirrhosis develops hepatocellular carcinoma during their lifetime.
“Moreover, ~80–90% of HCCs occur in advanced fibrotic or cirrhotic livers, which translates to around one in three patients with compensated liver cirrhosis developing HCC in their lifetimes37,38.”
From The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
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The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation
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- Authors
- CABRERA, R., & NELSON, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- CABRERA, R.
- Venue
- Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01-12
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 461-476
- ISSN
- 0269-2813 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2036
- OpenAlex
- W2099169332
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bayer HealthCare
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Hepatitis B Virus Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer screening, liver cancer diagnosis, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging, chronic hepatitis C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis complications, sorafenib, locoregional therapy, targeted therapy, multidisciplinary management
- MeSH terms
- Sorafenib, Adult, Antineoplastic Agents, Benzenesulfonates, Biopsy, Black or African American, Contrast Media, Drug Eruptions, Female, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Cirrhosis, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Niacinamide, Phenylurea Compounds, Population Surveillance, Pyridines, Quality of Life, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, United States, Incidence, Survival Rate, Liver Transplantation, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Chemoembolization, Therapeutic, Treatment Outcome, Health Care Costs, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Hepatitis C, Chronic, Black People, Asian People, Ablation Techniques, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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