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Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of a meta‐analysis
Abstract
Summary: Objectives The role of androgen decline in the sexual activity of adult males is controversial. To clarify whether sexual function would benefit from testosterone (T) treatment in men with partially or severely reduced serum T levels, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of placebo‐controlled studies published in the past 30 years. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the effects of T on the different domains of sexual life. Data source A comprehensive search of all published randomized clinical trials was performed in MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Current Contents databases. Review methods Guided by prespecified criteria, software‐assisted data abstraction and quality assessed by two independent reviewers, a total of 17 randomized placebo‐controlled trials were found to be eligible. For each domain of sexual function we calculated the standardized mean difference relative to T and reported the results of pooled estimates of T treatment using the random effect model of meta‐analysis. Heterogeneity, reproducibility and consistency of the findings across studies were explored using sensitivity and meta‐regression analysis. Results Overall, 656 subjects were evaluated: 284 were randomized to T, 284 to placebo (P) and 88 treated in cross‐over. The median study length was 3 months (range 1–36 months). Our meta‐analysis showed that in men with an average T level at baseline below 12 nmol/l, T treatment moderately improved the number of nocturnal erections, sexual thoughts and motivation, number of successful intercourses, scores of erectile function and overall sexual satisfaction, whereas T had no effect on erectile function in eugonadal men compared to placebo. Heterogeneity was explored by grouping studies according to the characteristics of the study population. A cut‐off value of 10 nmol/l for the mean T of the study population failed to predict the effect of treatment, whereas the presence of risk factors for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED), comorbidities and shorter evaluation periods were associated with greater treatment effects in the studies performed in hypogonadal, but not in eugonadal, men. Meta‐regression analysis showed that the effects of T on erectile function, but not libido, were inversely related to the mean baseline T concentration. The meta‐analysis of available studies indicates that T treatment might be useful for improving vasculogenic ED in selected subjects with low or low‐normal T levels. The evidence for a beneficial effect of T treatment on erectile function should be tempered with the caveats that the effect tends to decline over time, is progressively smaller with increasing baseline T levels, and long‐term safety data are not available. The present meta‐analysis highlights the need, and pitfalls, for large‐scale, long‐term, randomized controlled trials to formally investigate the efficacy of T replacement in symptomatic middle‐aged and elderly men with reduced T levels and ED.
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“Several studies have previously reported that testosterone levels are linked to a variety of conditions and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, erectile dysfunction, depression, obesity, stroke and osteoporosis. 1-7”
From Cigarette smoking has a positive and independent effect on testosterone levels (2013) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Testosterone therapy may be justifiable in patients with some of these conditions, such as men receiving opioids, who may suffer from opioid-induced suppression of testosterone levels 32 and sexual dysfunction, 33 osteoporosis, and/or muscle atrophy.34”
From Who Gets Testosterone? Patient Characteristics Associated with Testosterone Prescribing in the Veteran Affairs System: a Cross-Sectional Study (2017) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Results from previous meta-analyses on TRT consistently showed improvements in various aspects of sexual function, including libido, nocturnal erection, sexual thoughts and motivation, and erectile function in men with baseline testosterone levels less than 12 nmol/l [22,23].”
ResultLate-onset male hypogonadism and testosterone replacement therapy in primary care.
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Hypoactive Sexual Desire in Men
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ResultGonadal and Cortisol Hormone Profile among Male Chronic Khat, Marijuana, and Heroin Abuses
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“교정 가능한 원인의 치료 발기부전 환자에서 성선기능 저하 즉 혈청 총테스토스테론 8 nmol/L (231 ng/dL), 혹은 유리형 테스토스테론 180 pmol/L (52 pg/mL) 이하가 확인된 경우 테스토스테론 보충요법을 시 행하는 것은 발기력 회복에 도움이 되며, 치료 전 테스토스테 론 수치가 낮을수록 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다[29].”
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“This finding suggests that T, in addition to its known endothelial action, might regulate erectile function locally by its action on the smooth muscle of the human corpus cavernosum [49 It has been established that different thresholds exist for sexual desire and erectile function in humans, the former being quite hig…”
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“In both meta-analyses , it was found that T treatment moderately improved sexual dysfunction in men with low circulating T (Bolona et al., 2007; Isidori et al., 2005).”
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“Normal testosterone levels in males are necessary to maintain secondary sexual characteristics, fertility, muscle mass, hair growth and sexual function (Isidori et al., 2005).”
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Ahmad, A. E., Bruha, M., & Welliver, C. (2016) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-016-0074-1 · Cited by 2
Infertility and male sexual dysfunction
Tal, R. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511997761.011 · Cited by 2
Testosterone and Sexual Function
Corona, G., Rastrelli, G., Ferri, S., Sforza, A., & Maggi, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46086-4_14 · Cited by 2
“[37] documented a positive effect of TTh on both sexualrelated and spontaneous erections as well as sleeprelated erections when only studies enrolling hypogonadal (TT < 12 nM) men at enrollment were analyzed (see also Table 14.”
BackgroundZhao, P. T., Su, D., & Seftel, A. D. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4773-3_11 · Cited by 2
Dougherty, P. M. (2017) · Physician Assistant Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpha.2017.08.011 · Cited by 2
Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction in Mammals
Park, J., & Rissman, E. F. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374932-1.00055-x · Cited by 2
Aydoğan, Ü., Doğaner, Y. Ç., Haymana, C., Kaplan, U., Aydoğdu, A., Demirci, İ., Meriç, C., & Sönmez, A. (2022) · Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000539 · Cited by 2
“Testosterone replacement therapy improves sexual functions, increases libido, and promotes affirmative mood in hypogonadism patients (12,17,18).”
BackgroundSelim, S., Lona, H., Imran, S., Rahman, M., Mahjabeen, S., & Mustari, M. (2022) · Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/bjem.bjem_2_22 · Cited by 2
Androgen deficiency in the male
Mitchell, G. C., & Hellstrom, W. J. G. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511997761.010 · Cited by 2
Goldenberg, N., & Kumagai, A. K. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-141603000-3.10009-7 · Cited by 2
A Clinical Paradigm for the Combined Management of Androgen Insufficiency and Erectile Dysfunction
Goldstein, I. (2007) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.02.002 · Cited by 2
“Long-term safety data were not available [73].”
Kruseman, A. C. N. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Synergetic effect of testosterone and phophodiesterase-5 inhibitors
Alhathal, N. K., Elshal, A. M., & A., C. S. (2013) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.300 · Cited by 1
Transdermal Testosterone Gel Treatment of Hypogonadal Men
Han, T. S., & Bouloux, P. M. (2008) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/1745509x.4.5.517 · Cited by 1
Ramiah, N. (2021) · National Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.7860/njlm/2021/48297.2532 · Cited by 1
Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on the erectile function of Egyptian obese men
Lamey, A., Abouelgreed, T. A., Abdelmoneim, O. M., Ali, M. S., Elshaboury, A., Rehan, M. R., Khater, S., Ghoneimy, O. M., Elzamek, M. M., Elnady, E., et al. (2025) · Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia · doi:10.4081/aiua.2025.13912 · Cited by 1
Impact of Testosterone Deficiency and Testosterone Therapy on Men’s Health
Traish, A. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-89650-7_13 · Cited by 1
Nuovi aspetti dell’ipogonadismo maschile: l’ipogonadismo età-correlato (LOH)
Martino, M. U. D., Frajese, G. V., Moretti, C., Frajese, G., & Fabbri, A. (2005) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/bf03344528 · Cited by 1
Self-citationHormonal Evaluation and Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction
Moreno, S. A., & Morgentaler, A. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-536-1_12 · Cited by 1
“Testosterone treatment moderately improved the number of nocturnal erections, sexual thoughts and motivation, number of successful intercourses, scores of erectile function and overall sexual satisfaction, whereas testosterone had no effect on erectile function in eugonadal men compared to placebo [ 87 ].”
ResultTraitement androgénique des hypoandrismes masculins
Kuhn, J., & Prévost, G. (2013) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.06.021 · Cited by 1
Review Article: Practical Aspects of Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome in Clinical Urology
Mosli, H. A. M. (2012) · African Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.afju.2012.02.001 · Cited by 1
“Sleep disturbances and snoring [14] are also associated with TDS and metabolic syndrome, and both are frequently associated with central obesity, type 2 DM, hypertension and dyslipidemia [10].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Isidori, A. M., Giannetta, E., Gianfrilli, D., Greco, E. A., Bonifacio, V., Aversa, A., Isidori, A., Fabbri, A., & Lenzi, A.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Isidori, Andrea M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09-03
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 381-394
- ISSN
- 0300-0664 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2265
- OpenAlex
- W2138141643
- Cited by
- 492
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, male sexual function, hypogonadism, androgen deficiency, erectile function, vasculogenic erectile dysfunction, sexual desire, nocturnal erections, sexual satisfaction, eugonadal men, treatment effects over time, comorbidities, risk factors for erectile dysfunction, meta-regression, heterogeneity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Placebos, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Testosterone, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome
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