Control of enteric pathogens in ready-to-eat vegetable crops in organic and ‘low input’ production systems: a HACCP-based approach
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Risks from pathogens such as Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter and Escherichia coli O157 have been identified as a particular concern for organic and 'low input' food production systems that rely on livestock manure as a nutrient source. Current data do not allow any solid conclusions to be drawn about the level of this risk, relative to conventional production systems. This review describes six Risk Reduction Points (RRPs) where risks from enteric pathogens can be reduced in ready-to-eat vegetables. Changes can be made to animal husbandry practices (RRP1) to reduce inoculum levels in manure. Outdoor livestock management (RRP2) can be optimized to eliminate the risk of faecal material entering irrigation water. Manure storage and processing (RRP3), soil management practices (RRP4) and timing of manure application (RRP5), can be adjusted to reduce the survival of pathogens originating from manure. During irrigation (RRP6), pathogen risks can be reduced by choosing a clean water source and minimizing the chances of faecal material splashing on to the crop. Although preventive measures at these RRPs can minimize enteric pathogen risk, zero risk can never be obtained for raw ready-to-eat vegetables. Good food hygiene practices at home are essential to reduce the incidence of food-borne illnesses.
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There is increasing evidence and more widespread acceptance that the consumption of organic foods is likely to reduce exposure to pesticide residues.
“However, there is increasing evidence and more widespread acceptance that the consumption of organic foods is likely to reduce exposure to pesticide residues( 21 , 23 , 24 ).”
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- Authors
- Leifert, C., Ball, K., Volakakis, N., & Cooper, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Soil Association (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 931-950
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2672
- OpenAlex
- W2077075878
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 110
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Organic Eprints (International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, and Research Institute of Organic Agriculture) (acceptedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Listeria monocytogenes in Food Safety
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Keywords
- enteric pathogens, ready-to-eat vegetables, organic farming, low-input production systems, HACCP, livestock manure, Salmonella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157, irrigation water contamination, soil management, manure application timing, food hygiene, food safety
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae Infections, Food Handling, Food Microbiology, Humans, Manure, Vegetables, Risk Reduction Behavior, Food, Organic
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