Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators Differentially Potentiate Brain Mitochondrial Function
Open accessAbstract
The mitochondrial energy‐transducing capacity of the brain is important for long‐term neurological health and is influenced by endocrine hormone responsiveness. The present study aimed to determine the role of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in regulating mitochondrial function using selective agonists for ERα (propylpyrazoletriol; PPT) and ERβ (diarylpropionitrile; DPN). Ovariectomised female rats were treated with 17β‐oestradiol (E 2), PPT, DPN or vehicle control. Both ER selective agonists significantly increased the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity relative to vehicle. Western blots of purified whole brain mitochondria detected ERα and, to a greater extent, ERβ localisation. Pre‐treatment with DPN, an ERβ agonist, significantly increased ERβ association with mitochondria. In the hippocampus, DPN activated mitochondrial DNA‐encoded COX I expression, whereas PPT was ineffective, indicating that mechanistically ERβ, and not ERα, activated mitochondrial transcriptional machinery. Both selective ER agonists increased protein expression of nuclear DNA‐encoded COX IV, suggesting that activation of ERβ or ERα is sufficient. Selective ER agonists up‐regulated a panel of bioenergetic enzymes and antioxidant defence proteins. Up‐regulated proteins included pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, manganese superoxide dismutase and peroxiredoxin V. In vitro, whole cell metabolism was assessed in live primary cultured hippocampal neurones and mixed glia. The results of analyses conducted in vitro were consistent with data obtained in vivo. Furthermore, lipid peroxides, accumulated as a result of hormone deprivation, were significantly reduced by E 2, PPT and DPN. These findings suggest that the activation of both ERα and ERβ is differentially required to potentiate mitochondrial function in brain. As active components in hormone therapy, synthetically designed oestrogens as well as natural phyto‐oestrogen cocktails can be tailored to improve brain mitochondrial endpoints.
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Astrocytes are estrogen targets because ER1 and ER2 are present on the astrocyte membrane or intracellularly in astrocytes.
“Astrocytes are estrogen targets, 125 as both ER1 and ER2 receptors are present on the astrocyte membrane or intracellularly in astrocytes.”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [125]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports an anti-inflammatory role for ERα in astrocytes, supporting that astrocytes can be estrogen targets. It discusses ERβ in microglia, not astrocytes, and does not establish that both receptors are present on astrocyte membranes or intracellularly. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment
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“123,124 Astrocytes are estrogen targets, 125 as both ER1 and ER2 receptors are present on the astrocyte membrane or intracellularly in astrocytes.”
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- Authors
- Irwin, R. W., Yao, J., To, J., Hamilton, R. T., Cadenas, E., & Brinton, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brinton, R. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-12-20
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 236-248
- ISSN
- 0953-8194 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2826
- PMC
- PMC3264398
- OpenAlex
- W2151503607
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG032236)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH067159)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- selective estrogen receptor modulators, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV, estradiol, diarylpropionitrile, ovariectomy, hippocampus, antioxidant defense, lipid peroxidation, hormone therapy, phytoestrogens
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Estradiol, Female, Mitochondria, Nitriles, Ovariectomy, Phenols, Propionates, Pyrazoles, Lipid Peroxidation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, Estrogen Receptor alpha, Estrogen Receptor beta, Rats
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