Larval habitat segregation between the molecular forms of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae in a rice field area of Burkina Faso, West Africa
Open accessAbstract
In West Africa, lineage splitting between the M and S molecular forms of the major Afro‐tropical malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae), is thought to be driven by ecological divergence, occurring mainly at the larval stage. Here, we present evidence for habitat segregation between the two molecular forms in and around irrigated rice fields located within the humid savannahs of western Burkina Faso. Longitudinal sampling of adult mosquitoes emerging from a range of breeding sites distributed along a transect extending from the heart of the rice field area into the surrounding savannah was conducted from June to November 2009. Analysis revealed that the two molecular forms and their sibling species Anopheles arabiensis are not randomly distributed in the area. A major ecological gradient was extracted in relation to the perimeter of the rice fields. The M form was associated with larger breeding sites mostly consisting of rice paddies, whereas the S form and An. arabiensis were found to depend upon temporary, rain‐filled breeding sites. These results support hypotheses about larval habitat segregation and confirm the suggestion that the forms have different larval habitat requirements. Segregation appears to be clearly linked to anthropogenic permanent habitats and the community structure they support.
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In Burkina Faso, Anopheles coluzzii co-existed with Anopheles gambiae s.s. but preferred to breed in large, permanent, and vegetation-dense habitats (rice paddies), whereas Anopheles gambiae s.s. preferred temporary puddles.
“In Burkina Faso, An. coluzzii co-existed with An. gambiae s.s. but preferred to breed in large, permanent, and vegetation-dense habitats (rice paddies), whereas An. gambiae s.s. preferred temporary puddles [7].”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results (Gradient analysis; page unavailable) associate the M form with large, permanent rice-field habitats containing floating plants, and the Discussion associates the S form with temporary, rain-dependent pools. The paper measured plant presence, not vegetation density, so “vegetation-dense” is more specific than its findings support. It uses the older M-form and S-form terminology rather than the names in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost mosquito breeding grounds in southern Nigeria had dried up during the dry season campaign, leaving permanent breeding grounds that favour the proliferation of An. coluzzii and contributed to increased collection of this vector species.
“Most mosquito breeding grounds in southern Nigeria had dried up during the dry season campaign. This left behind permanent breeding grounds that favour the proliferation of An. coluzzii and, as in a previous work [7], contributed to increase collection of this vector species.”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction and Results describe the M form breeding in permanent habitats and predominating among mosquitoes emerging from irrigated rice fields in Burkina Faso. The paper does not report the southern Nigerian dry-season campaign or show that drying habitats increased collections of this vector species; its sampling ran from June to November, until temporary sites dried out. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn separate studies in Burkina Faso and Kenya, An. arabiensis had its highest abundance during the dry season in October about the same time when An. gambiae s.s. had its lowest abundance.
“In separate studies in Burkina Faso in West Africa [7] and Kenya in East Africa [53], An. arabiensis had its highest abundance during the dry season in October about the same time when An. gambiae s.s. had its lowest abundance.”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The Discussion reports that 51% of the Burkina Faso study’s An. arabiensis specimens were collected in October, supporting an October peak. But it calls October the end of the rainy season, not the dry season, and says the S form of An. gambiae s.s. was also associated with October rather than reporting its lowest abundance then. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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“This left behind permanent breeding grounds that favour the proliferation of An. coluzzii and, as in a previous work [7], contributed to increase collection of this vector species.”
BackgroundResult
- Authors
- GIMONNEAU, G., POMBI, M., CHOISY, M., MORAND, S., DABIRÉ, R. K., & SIMARD, F.
- Affiliations
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (FR)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (BF)
- Corresponding author
- GIMONNEAU, G.
- Venue
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-04-18
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-17
- ISSN
- 0269-283X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2915
- PMC
- PMC3140611
- OpenAlex
- W1966305938
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 14 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 12.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Agritrop (Cirad) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-08-MIEN-0006, ANR-08-MIEN-006)
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (R01-A1063508)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI063508)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Diptera species taxonomy and behavior
- Keywords
- Anopheles gambiae, M and S molecular forms, Anopheles arabiensis, paddy fields, mosquito breeding sites, ecological divergence, malaria vectors, anthropogenic habitats, Burkina Faso
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Animals, Anopheles, Burkina Faso, Demography, Larva, Oryza, Ecosystem
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