Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 310

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Large Scale Changes over 19 Years in Songs of Humpback Whales in Bermuda

Payne, Katharine, Payne, Roger·1985·Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie

Abstract

Abstract and Summary: 163 songs of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) recorded near Bermuda during April and May of 13 years between 1957 and 1975 have been analysed as continuous sound spectrograms and compared. In each year's sample, all whales were singing basically the same song. However, the song was changing conspicuously and progressively with time so that songs separated by a number of years were very different in content. All the songs showed basic structural similarities so that it is possible to define a song form which characterizes songs from many years. We present some basic characteristics of the song form and consider the nature and extent of changes in content as a function of time. An analysis of the songs sung by groups of whales shows that normal singing continues even when whales are close enough, presumably, to hear each other. Such analysis demonstrates inter– and intra– individual variability, none of which is as great as the variation between songs of consecutive years. We do not understand the significance of changing songs. We know of no other non‐human animal for which such dramatic non‐reversing changes appear in the display pattern of an entire population as part of their normal behavior. Zusammenfassung: In 13 Jahren (1957–1975) wurden bei Bermuda, jeweils von April bis Mai, 163 Gesänge von Buckelwalen aufgenommen und analysiert. In jedem Jahr sangen alle Wale im Grunde denselben Gesang. Über die Jahre änderten sich diese Gesänge deutlich; Gesänge, zwischen denen mehrere Jahre lagen, waren deutlich verschieden. Alle Gesänge haben den gleichen Grundaufbau, an dem sich Änderungen über die Zeit aufzeigen lassen. In Walgruppen treten Gesänge auch dann auf, wenn die Tiere in Hörweite voneinander sind. Intra– und interindividuelle Unterschiede waren kleiner als die Unterschiede zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Jahren. Die Bedeutung der Gesangsänderung ist unbekannt. Von keinem anderen Tier ist solche Weiterentwicklung eines Signalverhaltens einer ganzen Population berichtet worden.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00118.x

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 10 references

Cited by

See all 310

Metadata

Authors
Payne, K., & Payne, R.
Venue
Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1985-01-12
Volume
68
Issue
2
Pages
89-114
ISSN
0044-3573 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2021834888
Cited by
310
References
10
FWCI
4.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Large Scale Changes over 19 Years in Songs of Humpback Whales in Bermuda. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00118.x
The paper
Payne, K., & Payne, R. (1985). Large Scale Changes over 19 Years in Songs of Humpback Whales in Bermuda. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1985.tb00118.x

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.