Hepatitis C virus prevalence and outcomes among injecting drug users on opioid replacement therapy
Abstract
Objectives: To determine hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) receiving opioid replacement therapy in a referred office setting, and assess potential needs for hepatitis C treatment and care. Methods: Data were collected on 178 IDUs receiving opioid replacement therapy who underwent clinical assessment between January 2002 and June 2003. Standard clinic protocols included HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology, liver biochemistry and HCV RNA analysis for patients with a positive HCV antibody and normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Results: HCV prevalence was 75.3%, similar for males (75.5%) and females (74.4%), and increased with age from 60.8% for 19–30 years to 93.9% above 40 years. Among patients with HCV antibodies and no prior HCV antiviral therapy (n = 130), 53.1% had normal ALT levels and 25.4% were HCV‐RNA negative. Older patients were more likely to have normal ALT levels (P = 0.02), and be HCV‐RNA negative (P = 0.02). Younger patients were more likely to have been HBV vaccinated (P < 0.001), however, were less likely to have either vaccine or natural immunity (P = 0.006). Of 97 patients with probable chronic HCV infection, 58 patients met pre‐liver biopsy criteria for HCV treatment, 34 had relative contraindications to treatment and 6 had been referred for treatment assessment. Conclusion: Clinical characterization in a setting of high HCV prevalence has enabled the differentiation of patients into groups with no evidence of HCV viraemia, with chronic HCV infection, and those most appropriate for HCV treatment referral. These clinical assessments along with appropriate referral should be instituted in drug dependency treatment settings.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Extended buprenorphine/naloxone treatment raises abstinence and retention rates and lowers the risk of transmitting hepatitis C.
“Extended treatment with B/N not only increases rates of abstinence and treatment retention, but also decreases risk of transmitting Hepatitis C (HCV) (Hallinan et al., 2005; Weiss et al., 2012).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of mindful recovery opioid use care continuum (M-ROCC): A concurrent mixed methods study (2021) · cites this paper as Hallinan et al., 2005
Cites
Natural history of chronic hepatitis C
Seeff, L. B. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.36806 · Cited by 1,535 · see citing works
Estimating progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Freeman, A. J., Dore, G. J., Law, M. G., Thorpe, M. E. C., von Overbeck, J., Lloyd, A. R., Marinos, G., & Kaldor, J. M. (2001) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.27831 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Self-citationGerlach, J. T., Diepolder, H. M., Zachoval, R., Gruener, N. H., Jung, M., Ulsenheimer, A., Schraut, W., Schirren, C. A., Waechtler, M., Backmund, M., et al. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00668-1 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Persistence of Viremia and the Importance of Long–Term Follow–Up After Acute Hepatitis C Infection
Villano, S. A., Vlahov, D., Nelson, K. E., Cohn, S., & Thomas, D. L. (1999) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.510290311 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Protection against persistence of hepatitis C
Mehta, S. H., Cox, A. L., Hoover, D. R., Wang, X.-H., Mao, Q., Ray, S. C., Strathdee, S. A., Vlahov, D., & Thomas, D. L. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08435-0 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Prevalence and Incidence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users
Garfein, R. S., Doherty, M. C., Monterroso, E. R., Thomas, D. L., Nelson, K. E., & Vlahov, D. (1998) · Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology · doi:10.1097/00042560-199802001-00004 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Schaefer, M., Schmidt, F., Folwaczny, C., Lorenz, R. L., Martin, G., Schindlbeck, N. E., Heldwein, W., Soyka, M., Grunze, H., Koenig, A., et al. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50031 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection in Injection Drug Users
Backmund, M., Meyer, K., Zielonka, M. V., & Eichenlaub, D. (2001) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.25882 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
van Beek, I., Dwyer, R., Dore, G. J., Luo, K., & Kaldor, J. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.433 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Self-citationHofer, H., Watkins‐Riedel, T., Janata, O., Penner, E., Holzmann, H., Steindl‐Munda, P., Gangl, A., & Ferenci, P. (2003) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50019 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Treating hepatitis C in methadone maintenance patients: an interim analysis
Sylvestre, D. L. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00010-8 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Prevalence of Liver Disease in a Population of Asymptomatic Persons with Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Alberti, A., Noventa, F., Benvegnù, L., Boccato, S., & Gatta, A. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00009 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Modelling hepatitis C virus incidence, prevalence and long-term sequelae in Australia, 2001
Law, M. G., Dore, G. J., Bath, N., Thompson, S., Crofts, N., Dolan, K. A., Giles, W., Gow, P. J., Kaldor, J. M., Loveday, S., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg101 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationMethadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users
Crofts, N., Nigro, L., Oman, K., Stevenson, E. M., & Sherman, J. (1997) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02979.x · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Predicting progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Freeman, A. J., Law, M. G., Kaldor, J. M., & Dore, G. J. (2003) · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00436.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationIs severe liver disease a common outcome for people with chronic hepatitisC?
Dore, G. J., Freeman, A. J., Law, M. G., & Kaldor, J. (2002) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02730.x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationLarghi, A., Zuin, M. G., Crosignani, A., Ribero, M. L., Pipia, C., Battezzati, P. M., Binelli, G., Donato, F., Zanetti, A. R., Podda, M., et al. (2002) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.36129 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Seal, K. H. (2000) · Western Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1136/ewjm.172.1.16 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Coinfection by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus.
Pontisso, P., Gerotto, M., Benvegnù, L., Chemello, L., & Alberti, A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Risk behaviours of young Indo‐Chinese injecting drug users in Sydney and Melbourne
Maher, L., Sargent, P., Higgs, P., Crofts, N., Kelsall, J., & Le, T. T. (2001) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00550.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Selvey, L. A., Denton, M., & Plant, A. J. (1997) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.1997.tb01664.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
New insights into acute hepatitis C
Gordon, S. C. (2003) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00807-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kelly, H. A., Maskill, W. J., Sievert, W., & Bowden, D. S. (2002) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04333.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease
Degenhardt, L. J., & Hall, W. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61138-0 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Opioid dependence treatment: options in pharmacotherapy
Stotts, A. L., Dodrill, C. L., & Kosten, T. R. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656560903037168 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Lloyd, A. R., Clegg, J., Lange, J., Stevenson, A., Post, J. J., Lloyd, D. G., Rudge, G., Boonwaat, L., Forrest, G., Douglas, J., et al. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis1202 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Caring for Opioid-dependent Pregnant Women
Krans, E. E., Cochran, G., & Bogen, D. L. (2015) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000098 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Incidence and risk for acute hepatitis C infection during imprisonment in Australia
Dolan, K. A., Teutsch, S. M., Scheuer, N., Levy, M. H., Rawlinson, W. D., Kaldor, J. M., Lloyd, A. R., & Haber, P. (2010) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-009-9421-0 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cunningham, E. B., Hajarizadeh, B., Bretaña, N. A., Amin, J., Betz‐Stablein, B., Dore, G. J., Luciani, F., Teutsch, S. M., Dolan, K. A., Lloyd, A. R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · doi:10.1111/jvh.12701 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationRandall, D., Degenhardt, L. J., Vajdic, C. M., Burns, L., Hall, W., Law, M. G., & Butler, T. G. (2011) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00682.x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The increasing mortality burden of liver disease among opioid‐dependent people: cohort study
Gibson, A., Randall, D., & Degenhardt, L. J. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03575.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
A prospective study of hepatitis C incidence in Australian prisoners
Luciani, F., Bretaña, N. A., Teutsch, S. M., Amin, J., Topp, L., Dore, G. J., Maher, L., Dolan, K. A., Lloyd, A. R., & HITS‐p investigators (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12643 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationMaru, D., Bruce, R. D., Basu, S., & Altice, F. L. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/591707 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Saunders, J. B. (2004) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Howell, J. A., Pedrana, A. E., Cowie, B. C., Doyle, J., Strobel, A. G., Ward, J. S., Gane, E. J., Cunningham, C. W., Wallace, J. E., Lee, A., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.14457 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Krans, E. E., Zickmund, S. L., Rustgi, V. K., Park, S. Y., Dunn, S. L., & Schwarz, E. B. (2015) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1118720 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Farrell, G. C. (2007) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.04969.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Boonwaat, L., Haber, P., Levy, M. H., & Lloyd, A. R. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03605.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bonkovsky, H. L., Tice, A. D., Yapp, R. G., Bodenheimer, H. C., Monto, A., Rossi, S. J., & Sulkowski, M. (2008) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02065.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
WATSON, B., CONIGRAVE, K. M., WALLACE, C., WHITFIELD, J. B., WURST, F., & HABER, P. S. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230701247681 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Referral for chronic hepatitis C treatment from a drug dependency treatment setting
Hallinan, R., Byrne, A., Agho, K., & Dore, G. J. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.018 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationRetention in buprenorphine treatment is associated with improved HCV care outcomes
Norton, B. L., Beitin, A., Glenn, M. C., DeLuca, J., Litwin, A. H., & Cunningham, C. O. (2017) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2017.01.015 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Puffy hand syndrome due to drug addiction: a case–control study of the pathogenesis
Andresz, V., Marcantoni, N., Binder, F., Velten, M., Alt, M., Weber, J., & Stéphan, D. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01521.x · Cited by 37 · see citing works
High prevalence of HCV in a cohort of injectors on methadone substitution treatment
Lee, K. C. K., Lim, W. W. L., & Lee, S. S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.09.013 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Obeng, S., Wang, H., Jali, A. M., Peddibhotla, B., Williams, D. A., Zou, C., Stevens, D. L., Dewey, W. L., Akbarali, H. I., et al. (2019) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01158 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fu, B., Tom, B. D. M., Delahooke, T., Alexander, G., & Bird, S. M. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.01.015 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Pagare, P. P., Li, M., Zheng, Y., Kulkarni, A. S., Obeng, S., Huang, B., Ruiz, C., Gillespie, J. C., Mendez, R. E., Stevens, D. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00087 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Candidate hepatitis C vaccine trials and people who inject drugs: Challenges and opportunities
Maher, L., White, B., Hellard, M. E., Madden, A., Prins, M., Kerr, T., & Page, K. A. (2010) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.085 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Individualisation of antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C
Teoh, N., Farrell, G. C., & Chan, H. L. (2010) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06392.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Talaie, H., Shadnia, S., Okazi, A., Pajouhmand, A., Moghadam, H. H., & Arianpoor, H. (2007) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.220.224 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Herdener, M., Dürsteler, K. M., Seifritz, E., & Nordt, C. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30080-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Does Information about IDUs' Injecting Networks Predict Exposure to the Hepatitis C Virus?
Aitken, C. K., Lewis, J. A., Hocking, J. S., Bowden, D. S., & Hellard, M. E. (2009) · Hepatitis Monthly · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Canfield, K. M., Smyth, E. N., & Batki, S. L. (2010) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826080903452538 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ebner, N., Wanner, C., Winklbaur, B., Matzenauer, C., Jachmann, C. A., Thau, K., & Fischer, G. (2009) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00148.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Knowledge About Hepatitis-C Among Methadone Maintenance Treatment Patients in Israel
Cohen-Moreno, R., Schiff, M., Levit, S., Bar‐Hamburger, R., Strauss, S. M., & Neumark, Y. D. (2009) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826080902864894 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wei, X., Wang, L., Wang, X., Li, J., Li, H., & Jia, W. (2014) · Hepatitis Monthly · doi:10.5812/hepatmon.19601 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Screening for viral hepatitis among male non-drug-abuse prisoners
Liao, K.-F., Lai, S., Chang, W.-L., & Hsu, N. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/00365520500535576 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Fatkin, T., Moore, S. K., Okst, K., Creedon, T. B., Samawi, F., Fredericksen, A. K., Roll, D., Oxnard, A., Lê Cook, B., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2021) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108415 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Naltrexone for Initiation and Maintenance of Opiate Abstinence
Sevarino, K. A., & Kosten, T. R. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-197-0_12 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in methadone‐maintained mothers and their infants
Anthony Jun Wing, L. I. U., An, E. I., Murray, H., Tetstall, E., Leroi, M. J., & Nanan, R. K. H. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb03305.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Nasir, A., Todd, C. S., Stanekzai, M. R., Bautista, C. T., Botros, B. A. M., Scott, P. T., Kim, J. H., Strathdee, S. A., & Tjaden, J. A. (2010) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.11.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Descriptive Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Among Male Heroin Abusers in Taiwan
Liao, K.-F., Peng, C.-Y., Lai, S., Chang, W.-L., & Hsu, N. (2006) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000209284.33650.45 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Asche, C. V., Clay, E., Kharitonova, E., Zah, V., Ruby, J., & Aballéa, S. (2015) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.3111/13696998.2015.1036760 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hallinan, R., BYRNE, A., & Dore, G. J. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230701373933 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationKostovski, E., Hamina, A., Hjellvik, V., Clausen, T., & Skurtveit, S. O. (2024) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16524 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dahlman, D., Li, X., Crump, C., Sundquist, J., & Sundquist, K. (2021) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-021-01513-2 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Javanbakht, M., Mirahmadizadeh, A., & Mashayekhi, A. (2014) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.13484 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Simonovic-Babic, J., Bojović, K., Delić, D., Katanić, N., Mitrović, N., & Malinić, J. (2016) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns1604085s · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Frimpong, J. A., D’Aunno, T. A., Helleringer, S., & Metsch, L. R. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3322-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Obeng, S., Reinecke, B. A., Chen, C., Phansalkar, P. S., Walentiny, D. M., Gerk, P. M., Liu‐Chen, L., Selley, D. E., Beardsley, P. M., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172812 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Screening for viral hepatitis among male non-drug-abuse prisoners
Liao, K., Lai, S., Chang, W.-L., & Hsu, N. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1080/003655205000535576 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Impact of Illicit Drugs on Public Health
Degenhardt, L. J., & Hall, W. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118726761.ch15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE “PUFFY‐HAND SIGN” AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C IN A GERIATRIC PATIENT
Studdiford, J. S., Stonehouse, A. R., Anandanadesan, R., & Scott, K. C. (2007) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01362.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effect of HCV or HIV infection on mortality among hospitalized persons who used opioids, 2000–2010
Liu, S. V., Ma, Z.-Q., Songer, T. J., Mair, C., Wahed, A. S., Krans, E. E., & Talbott, E. O. (2022) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107155 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hepatitis C: diagnosis and management issues
Talley, N., & Talley, N. J. (2006) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Controversies in and challenges to our understanding of hepatitis C
Batey, R. G. (2007) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i31.4168 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal Diseases Associated with Substance Addiction
Haber, P., & Demirkol, A. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9780470710449.ch21
Risk factors for morbidity of hepatitis C in opiate addicts
Goran, V., Mihajlović, G., & Rafajlović, M. (2012) · Medicinski casopis · doi:10.5937/mckg46-2100
Pruvot, C., Carpentier, O., Montmureau, A., Becquart, C., Fiévet, C., Cottencin, O., Staumont-Sallé, D., Mortier, L., & Drouard, M. (2024) · Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie · doi:10.1016/j.annder.2024.103289
- Authors
- HALLINAN, R., BYRNE, A., AMIN, J., & DORE, G. J.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- DORE, GREGORY J
- Venue
- Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-06-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1082-1086
- ISSN
- 0815-9319 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1746
- OpenAlex
- W1937172910
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- University of New South Wales
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatitis C virus research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Keywords
- hepatitis C virus, people who inject drugs, opioid substitution therapy, HCV prevalence, HCV RNA, hepatitis B vaccination, chronic hepatitis C
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Australia, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hepatitis C, Humans, Male, Methadone, Middle Aged, Narcotics, Opium, Retrospective Studies, RNA, Viral, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Prevalence, Hepacivirus, Treatment Outcome, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Hepatitis C Antibodies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
