The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deconstructing the Diversity Principle
Abstract
This article presents an examination of the diversity principle in communications policy. Given the Federal Communication Commission's recent emphasis on diversity as a policy objective, diversity assessments must return to the forefront of communications policy analysis. To provide an analytical framework for such research, the diversity principle is broken into three distinct components (source, content, and exposure diversity), and multiple subcomponents. In the spirit of the FCC's empirical commitment to the diversity principle, this analysis focuses on diversity as a measurable concept, with potentially interacting dimensions and numerous means of assessment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Napoli (1999) destaca três dimensões da diversidade na comunicação a serem consideradas para analisarmos o sistema de mídia: a diversidade de fontes -em sua propriedade, na programação, tipos de veículos e na formação das equipes envolvidas; a diversidade de conteúdos, considerando diferentes públicos-alvo, pontos de vista e tipos de programas; e a diversidade de audiência, levando em conta o cons”
From O novo e o velho na organização da mídia no território brasileiro: contribuições para a leitura da conjuntura atual a partir de Milton Santos (2022) · cites this paper as Napoli (1999)
Citations
Cites
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E., Weaver, W., & Wiener, N. (1950) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3067010 · Cited by 9,885
Federal Communications Commission
Schultz, D., & Vile, J. R. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315699868-248 · Cited by 1,555
Media performance: mass communication and the public interest
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1900 · Cited by 703
Lee, A. M., & Bagdikian, B. H. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068881 · Cited by 658
The Horizontal Merger Guidelines of 1992
Keyes, L. S. (1995) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/bf01029673 · Cited by 345
Democracy and the problem of free speech
Sunstein, C. R. (1995) · Publishing Research Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf02680544 · Cited by 293
Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government
Rhinelander, L. H., & Meiklejohn, A. (1949) · Virginia Law Review · doi:10.2307/1069068 · Cited by 279
The Marketplace of Ideas: A Legitimizing Myth
Ingber, S. (1984) · Duke Law Journal · doi:10.2307/1372344 · Cited by 224
The mass audience: rediscovering the dominant model
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4920 · Cited by 218
A THEORY OF TELEVISION PROGRAM CHOICE
WEBSTER, J. G., & WAKSHLAG, J. J. (1983) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365083010004002 · Cited by 197
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Associated Press v. United States, 1945
- 1982, A framework for economic analysis of electronic media concentration issues., 82
- 1981, The origin, validity, and interrelationships of the political values served by freedom of expression, Rutgers Law Review, 33, 372
- 1992, Public service broadcasting before the commercial deluge, 7
- 1990, Presidential endorsement patterns by chain-owned newspapers, Journalism Quarterly, 67, 286
- 1995, The impact of ownership on content: Does it matter, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 13, 755
- 1968, The factor analytic search for program types, Journal of Advertising Research, 8, 55
- 1982, A marketplace approach to broadcast regulation, Texas Law Review, 60, 1
- 1990, Bright lines, the Federal Communications Commission's duopoly rule, and the diversity of voices, Federal Communications Law Journal, 42, 331
- , 1992, Study of the diversity indices used for programming analysis, Studies of Broadcasting, 28, 195
- 11 1998, Remarks to American Women in Radio and Television
- 1962, Program types defined by factor analysis, Journal of Advertising Research, 2, 29
- 1994, Regulating broadcast programming
- 1996, The fairness in broadcasting doctrine and the Constitution: Forced one-stop shopping in the “marketplace of ideas, University of Illinois Law Review, 1996, 271
- 1992, Economic aspects of program quality: The case for diversity, Studies of Broadcasting, 28, 121
- 1994, Measuring diversity in U.S. television programming, Studies of Broadcasting, 30, 131
- 1992, The Netherlands: Freedom and diversity under multichannel conditions, 96
- Foundations of communications policy: Principles and process in the regulation of electronic media
- 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review, 1996, Review of the Commission's Broadcast Ownership Rules and Other Rules Adopted Pursuant to Section 202 of the Telecommunications Act of
- 1992, Video economics
- 1994, Measured markets and unknown audiences: Case studies from the production and consumption of music, 171
- Review of the Commission's Regulations Governing Television Broadcasting, Television Satellite Stations Review of Policy and Rules
- 1994, Victim, consumer, or commodity? Audience models in communication policy, 19
- 1988, Minority and gender enhancements: A necessary and valid means to achieve diversity in the broadcast marketplace, Federal Communications Law Journal, 40, 89
- 1989, The U.K.: The constancy of audience behavior, 91
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 370
Operationalizing Framing to Support Multiperspective Recommendations of Opinion Pieces
Mulder, M., Inel, O., Oosterman, J., & Tintarev, N. (2021) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3442188.3445911 · Cited by 18
Wolfgang, J. D., Vos, T. P., Kelling, K., et al. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2021.1952473 · Cited by 18
Network Radio Oligopoly, 1926-1956: Rivalrous Imitation and Program Diversity
Dimmick, J. W., & McDonald, D. G. (2001) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1207/s15327736me1404_1 · Cited by 18
News Recommender Systems and News Diversity, Two of a Kind? A Case Study from a Small Media Market
Hendrickx, J., Smets, A., & Ballon, P. (2021) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia2030031 · Cited by 21
The role of television in cultivating the values of pluralism and cultural diversity in children
Гладкова, А. А. (2013) · Psychology in Russia State of Art · doi:10.11621/pir.2013.0113 · Cited by 20
Kim, D. H., & Pasek, J. (2020) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650216644647 · Cited by 14
Huldtgren, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6970-0_35 · Cited by 17
From Public Service Broadcasting to Public Service Communication
Tambini, D., & Cowling, J. (2004) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 17
Market Conditions and Public Affairs Programming: Implications for Digital Television Policy
Napoli, P. M. (2001) · Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/108118001129172116 · Cited by 17
Self-citationRebillard, F. (2012) · Réseaux · doi:10.3917/res.176.0009 · Cited by 17
Iordache, C., & Raats, T. (2023) · International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics · doi:10.1386/macp_00070_1 · Cited by 16
Newspaper Ownership, Democracy and News Diversity: A Quantitative Content Homogeneity Study
Hendrickx, J., & Remoortere, A. V. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2022.2159500 · Cited by 16
The Financial Interest and Syndication Rules and Changes in Program Diversity
Einstein, M. (2004) · Journal of Media Economics · doi:10.1207/s15327736me1701_1 · Cited by 16
A European Risk Barometer for Media Pluralism: Why Assess Damage When You Can Map Risk?
Valcke, P. (2011) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0185 · Cited by 15
El cine español en el catálogo de Netflix: una aproximación desde la perspectiva de la diversidad
Aranzubía, A., & Pérez, J. I. G. (2021) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v2021.8030 · Cited by 15
Liberal turn in media policy: the case of Finland's digital television
Hellman, H. (2010) · International Journal of Digital Television · doi:10.1386/jdtv.1.2.193_1 · Cited by 14
Diversity Label: Exploring the Potential and Limits of a Transparency Approach to Media Diversity
Helberger, N. (2011) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0337 · Cited by 13
Riedl, A. A., Rohrbach, T., & Krakovsky, C. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990211073454 · Cited by 13
Telling a Different Story: A Longitudinal Investigation of News Diversity in Four Countries
Vries, E. D., Vliegenthart, R., & Walgrave, S. (2022) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2022.2111323 · Cited by 13
Garz, M., Ots, M., & Sjøvaag, H. (2023) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612231178254 · Cited by 13
Idiz, D. R., Noordegraaf, J., & Vliegenthart, R. (2024) · Critical Studies in Television The International Journal of Television Studies · doi:10.1177/17496020241235579 · Cited by 13
Quantifying the global film festival circuit: Networks, diversity, and public value creation
Zemaityte, V., Karjus, A., Rohn, U., Schich, M., & Ibrus, I. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297404 · Cited by 13
Media Diversity and Cross‐Media Regulation
Papandrea, F. (2006) · Prometheus · doi:10.1080/08109020600877675 · Cited by 13
Streaming diversity: Studying screen diversity in the streaming era
Edmond, M., Khoo, O., Perkins, C., & Trott, V. A. (2024) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565241270887 · Cited by 16
Helberger, N., & Wojcieszak, M. (2018) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110481129-029 · Cited by 11
Measuring Content Diversity in a Multi-Platform Context
Champion, K. (2015) · The Political Economy of Communication · Cited by 12
Lozano, J. C. (2022) · Anagramas - Rumbos y sentidos de la comunicación · doi:10.22395/angr.v20n40a9 · Cited by 11
Iordache, C., Loisen, J., & AUDENHOVE, L. V. (2023) · International Communication Gazette · doi:10.1177/17480485231191898 · Cited by 14
Digital Religion and Media Economics: Concentration and Convergence in the Electronic Church
Ward, M. (2018) · Journal of Religion Media and Digital Culture · doi:10.1163/25888099-00701006 · Cited by 11
Digitising “The Big Lie”: Algorithmic Curation as an Inhibitor of Media Exposure Diversity Online
Reid, J. (2024) · Communicatio · doi:10.1080/02500167.2024.2424841 · Cited by 10
Diversity and Rights. Connecting Media Reform and Public Service Media
Horowitz, M. A., & Nieminen, H. (2017) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.12795/ic.2017.i01.04 · Cited by 10
News Diversity and Minority Audiences
Shumow, M., & Vigón, M. (2015) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1014668 · Cited by 10
Media Diversity from the User's Perspective: An Introduction
Helberger, N. (2011) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0241 · Cited by 10
Schneiders, P., & Stark, B. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.10042 · Cited by 9
Coate, B., Verhoeven, D., Arrowsmith, C., et al. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48299-6_16 · Cited by 9
“Reliable Sources” in Cable News: Analyzing Network Fragmentation in Coverage of Reform Policy
Conway, B. A., Ervin, J. N., & Kenski, K. M. (2020) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2020.1724184 · Cited by 9
Public Policies and Research on Cultural Diversity and Television in Mexico
Lozano, J. C. (2006) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem5003_7 · Cited by 9
Content Diversity Online: Myth or Reality?
Hargittai, E. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410614407-26 · Cited by 9
News Diversity and Recommendation Systems: Setting the Interdisciplinary Scene
Joris, G., Colruyt, C., Vermeulen, J., Vercoutere, S., Grove, F. D., Damme, K. V., Clercq, O. D., Hee, C. V., Marez, L. D., Hoste, V., et al. (2020) · IFIP advances in information and communication technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42504-3_7 · Cited by 11
Lyubareva, I., Rochelandet, F., & Haralambous, Y. (2020) · Revue d économie industrielle · doi:10.4000/rei.9593 · Cited by 9
Descubriendo Netflix: identidad de marca y representaciones de la diversidad
Pedro, J. (2022) · Revista de Comunicación · doi:10.26441/rc21.2-2022-a9 · Cited by 19
Media Concentration Law: Gaps and Promises in the Digital Age
Seipp, T. J. (2023) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v11i2.6393 · Cited by 8
Dallas Smythe reloaded: critical media and communication studies today
Fuchs, C. (2014) · WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) · Cited by 8
Napoli, P. M. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137304308_8 · Cited by 8
Self-citationThe Economics of Media Programming
Waterman, D. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410615589.ch18 · Cited by 8
Napoli, P. M. (2023) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/00027162231211387 · Cited by 7
Self-citationPaying for News Diversity? A Topic Diversity Analysis of Free and Paywalled Online News
Joris, G., Hendrickx, J., Vercoutere, S., Clercq, O. D., & Marez, L. D. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2191863 · Cited by 8
Diversity of exposure in television viewing: audience fragmentation and polarization in Guangzhou
Yuan, E. J. (2008) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750701861954 · Cited by 7
La diversidad cultural: ¿es posible su aplicación al sector audiovisual?
Cubero, A. V. (2016) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v0i28.6398 · Cited by 7
Three Guys Walk into a Bar: An Information Theoretic Analysis
Neuman, W. R. (2012) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2017.1366538 · Cited by 6
The Principles of Regulation and the Assumption of Media Effects
Sjøvaag, H. (2014) · Journal of Media Business Studies · doi:10.1080/16522354.2014.11073573 · Cited by 7
Nudging as a Tool of Media Policy
Burri, M. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29562-6_16 · Cited by 7
Demografische diversiteit in het Vlaamse perslandschap
Vandenberghe, H., d’Haenens, L., & Gorp, B. V. (2015) · Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschappen · doi:10.5117/2015.043.002.169 · Cited by 7
Hollifield, C. A., & Kimbro, C. W. (2010) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151003737980 · Cited by 7
Measuring diversity of exposure in Guangzhou's television market
Yuan, E. J. (2008) · Asian Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/01292980802021913 · Cited by 7
THE ACCESS PARADOX: MEDIA ENVIRONMENT DIVERSITY AND COVERAGE OF ACTIVIST GROUPS IN JAPAN AND KOREA
Arrington, C. L. (2017) · Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1017/jea.2016.33 · Cited by 7
Pakvis, M., & Hendrickx, J. (2023) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2023.2263414 · Cited by 6
Kim, D. H. (2016) · International journal of communication · Cited by 6
Diversidad en plataformas de video a demanda en Argentina
Rivero, E. A., & Bizberge, A. (2022) · Intersecciones en Comunicación · doi:10.51385/ic.v1i16.153 · Cited by 6
The Impact of Media Systems on the Making of Informed Election Outcomes
Popescu, M., & Tóka, G. (2007) · Cited by 6
Pluralisme de l’information et media diversity
Rebillard, F., & Loicq, M. (2013) · Culture & communication. Série médias · doi:10.3917/dbu.loicq.2013.01.0007 · Cited by 6
von Nordheim, G., & Rieger, J. (2020) · Publizistik · doi:10.1007/s11616-020-00591-7 · Cited by 6
Becerra, M., & Enghel, F. (2021) · Comunicación y Medios · doi:10.5354/0719-1529.2021.60718 · Cited by 6
Wang, R., Pan, X., & Zhang, W. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2443522 · Cited by 5
Damásio, M. J., Bengesser, C., Graça, A. R., et al. (2025) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565251361224 · Cited by 5
“I must have clicked on something” – Users´ Experiences and Evaluations of News Recommender Systems
Einarsson, Á. M., Petrucci, E., Hartley, J. M., Lomborg, S., & Kruse, J. (2025) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2025.2572972 · Cited by 5
Zhou, S., & Yang, X. (2024) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849241246407 · Cited by 11
Hagedoorn, B., & Becker, S. (2025) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.9593 · Cited by 5
Diversidad cultural y televisión en México
Lozano, J. C. (2015) · Comunicación y Sociedad · doi:10.32870/cys.v0i5.4016 · Cited by 5
Cañedo, A. (2019) · CIC Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación · doi:10.5209/ciyc.64637 · Cited by 5
Veerbeek, J., van Es, K. F., & Müller, E. (2022) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2022.2067956 · Cited by 5
Supply Diversity in Subscription Video-on-Demand Platforms in Mexico and Canada
Larroa, A. M. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Communication · doi:10.3138/cjc-2022-0081 · Cited by 5
Diversity 2.0: Rethinking Audiences, Participation, and Policies
Aslama, M., & Napoli, P. M. (2010) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 5
Self-citationSupply and demand effects in television viewing. A time series analysis
Vergeer, M., Eisinga, R., & Franses, P. H. (2012) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun-2012-0004 · Cited by 5
Modelling viewpoints in user generated content
Despotakis, D. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 5
Diversity as Capital? Marginalized Identities and Subtle Inequality in Data Journalism
Bals, F., Laugwitz, L. L., & Lischka, J. A. (2024) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2024.2401453 · Cited by 6
Zerback, T., & Schneiders, P. (2024) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849231226030 · Cited by 4
van der Burg, M., & den Bulck, H. V. (2015) · Information Economics and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.07.002 · Cited by 4
Media Pluralism Policies from the User Perspective
Helberger, N. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137304308_20 · Cited by 5
On the Regulator's Plate: Exposure Diversity in a Changing Media Environment
Breeman, J. M., Breeman, V. E., & Helberger, N. (2011) · Journal of Information Policy · doi:10.5325/jinfopoli.1.2011.0370 · Cited by 4
Marchi, L. G. D., & Ladeira, J. M. (2018) · Cahiers d Outre-Mer · doi:10.4000/com.8716 · Cited by 3
Berendt, B., Karadeniz, Ö., Mertens, S., et al. (2021) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3442442.3452303 · Cited by 4
Positive Free Speech: A Democratic Freedom
Kenyon, A. T. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198827580.013.14 · Cited by 4
Una mirada a la diversidad en las industrias radiofónica y musical en España
Pérez, J. I. G. (2016) · CIC Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación · doi:10.5209/ciyc.52879 · Cited by 4
Hellman, H., & Vilkko, A. (2019) · Journal of Radio & Audio Media · doi:10.1080/19376529.2019.1639054 · Cited by 4
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING INTERNET GOVERNANCE: A REPORT FROM THE 2007 INTERNET GOVERNANCE FORUM
Napoli, P. M. (2008) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 4
Self-citationTransforming Leadership and the O bama Presidency
Engbers, T., & Fucilla, L. (2012) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00917.x · Cited by 4
Children's Television Policy and Content Diversity in Ghana
Osei-Hwere, E. M. (2011) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2011.535283 · Cited by 4
Austerity versus Diversity: the Production of News Content in Televisión del Principado de Asturias
Cañedo, A. (2019) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.32.4.77-92 · Cited by 4
Kolb, S., & Oertel, M. (2018) · Studies in Communication Sciences · doi:10.24434/j.scoms.2017.02.007 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Telecommunication Reform on US Commercial Radio
Huntemann, N. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470690079.ch5 · Cited by 4
Quantifying public value creation by public service media using big programming dataPreprint
Ibrus, I., Karjus, A., Zemaityte, V., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/hysma · Cited by 4
Lassen, J. M. M., Iordache, C., Martin, D., Bruun, H., Świtkowski, F., Nucci, A., & Johnson, C. (2026) · Television & New Media · doi:10.1177/15274764251415356 · Cited by 3
Participation as Position and Practice: Rethinking Media Diversity and Policy in the Web 2.0 Era
Aslama, M. (2009) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 3
Vermeulen, J. (2022) · Palgrave global media policy and business · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87086-7_14 · Cited by 3
Yadlin‐Segal, A., & Shagrir, O. K. (2024) · Studies in Social Justice · doi:10.26522/ssj.v18i1.4097 · Cited by 3
Does ownership matter? Comparing the contents of corporate and independently owned local newspapers
Manninen, V., & Haapanen, L. (2025) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849241312819 · Cited by 3
Napoli, P. M. (2010) · Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Napoli, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Napoli, Philip M.
- ORCID
- Napoli, Philip M.
- Venue
- Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-12-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 7-34
- ISSN
- 0021-9916 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2466
- OpenAlex
- W2140484261
- Semantic Scholar
- 258c3e93f4dbd705bd790a665b0b59c69f3767fd
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Keywords
- diversity principle, communication policy, Federal Communications Commission, media pluralism, source diversity, content diversity, diversity assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review