The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deconstructing the Diversity Principle
Abstract
This article presents an examination of the diversity principle in communications policy. Given the Federal Communication Commission's recent emphasis on diversity as a policy objective, diversity assessments must return to the forefront of communications policy analysis. To provide an analytical framework for such research, the diversity principle is broken into three distinct components (source, content, and exposure diversity), and multiple subcomponents. In the spirit of the FCC's empirical commitment to the diversity principle, this analysis focuses on diversity as a measurable concept, with potentially interacting dimensions and numerous means of assessment.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Napoli (1999) destaca três dimensões da diversidade na comunicação a serem consideradas para analisarmos o sistema de mídia: a diversidade de fontes -em sua propriedade, na programação, tipos de veículos e na formação das equipes envolvidas; a diversidade de conteúdos, considerando diferentes públicos-alvo, pontos de vista e tipos de programas; e a diversidade de audiência, levando em conta o cons”
From O novo e o velho na organização da mídia no território brasileiro: contribuições para a leitura da conjuntura atual a partir de Milton Santos (2022) · cites this paper as Napoli (1999)
Citations
Cites
The Mathematical Theory of Communication
Shannon, C. E., Weaver, W., & Wiener, N. (1950) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3067010 · Cited by 9,885
Federal Communications Commission
Schultz, D., & Vile, J. R. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315699868-248 · Cited by 1,555
Media performance: mass communication and the public interest
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-1900 · Cited by 703
Lee, A. M., & Bagdikian, B. H. (1984) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2068881 · Cited by 658
The Horizontal Merger Guidelines of 1992
Keyes, L. S. (1995) · Review of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1007/bf01029673 · Cited by 345
Democracy and the problem of free speech
Sunstein, C. R. (1995) · Publishing Research Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf02680544 · Cited by 293
Free Speech and Its Relation to Self-Government
Rhinelander, L. H., & Meiklejohn, A. (1949) · Virginia Law Review · doi:10.2307/1069068 · Cited by 279
The Marketplace of Ideas: A Legitimizing Myth
Ingber, S. (1984) · Duke Law Journal · doi:10.2307/1372344 · Cited by 224
The mass audience: rediscovering the dominant model
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4920 · Cited by 218
A THEORY OF TELEVISION PROGRAM CHOICE
WEBSTER, J. G., & WAKSHLAG, J. J. (1983) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365083010004002 · Cited by 197
Research works printed but not linked: 25
- Associated Press v. United States, 1945
- 1982, A framework for economic analysis of electronic media concentration issues., 82
- 1981, The origin, validity, and interrelationships of the political values served by freedom of expression, Rutgers Law Review, 33, 372
- 1992, Public service broadcasting before the commercial deluge, 7
- 1990, Presidential endorsement patterns by chain-owned newspapers, Journalism Quarterly, 67, 286
- 1995, The impact of ownership on content: Does it matter, Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 13, 755
- 1968, The factor analytic search for program types, Journal of Advertising Research, 8, 55
- 1982, A marketplace approach to broadcast regulation, Texas Law Review, 60, 1
- 1990, Bright lines, the Federal Communications Commission's duopoly rule, and the diversity of voices, Federal Communications Law Journal, 42, 331
- , 1992, Study of the diversity indices used for programming analysis, Studies of Broadcasting, 28, 195
- 11 1998, Remarks to American Women in Radio and Television
- 1962, Program types defined by factor analysis, Journal of Advertising Research, 2, 29
- 1994, Regulating broadcast programming
- 1996, The fairness in broadcasting doctrine and the Constitution: Forced one-stop shopping in the “marketplace of ideas, University of Illinois Law Review, 1996, 271
- 1992, Economic aspects of program quality: The case for diversity, Studies of Broadcasting, 28, 121
- 1994, Measuring diversity in U.S. television programming, Studies of Broadcasting, 30, 131
- 1992, The Netherlands: Freedom and diversity under multichannel conditions, 96
- Foundations of communications policy: Principles and process in the regulation of electronic media
- 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review, 1996, Review of the Commission's Broadcast Ownership Rules and Other Rules Adopted Pursuant to Section 202 of the Telecommunications Act of
- 1992, Video economics
- 1994, Measured markets and unknown audiences: Case studies from the production and consumption of music, 171
- Review of the Commission's Regulations Governing Television Broadcasting, Television Satellite Stations Review of Policy and Rules
- 1994, Victim, consumer, or commodity? Audience models in communication policy, 19
- 1988, Minority and gender enhancements: A necessary and valid means to achieve diversity in the broadcast marketplace, Federal Communications Law Journal, 40, 89
- 1989, The U.K.: The constancy of audience behavior, 91
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–370 of 370
Measuring diversity and level of aggregation
Vergeer, M. (2005) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · doi:10.1515/comm.2005.30.3.293
Genderdiversiteit in de Vlaamse nieuwsmedia : algemene trends en een case
Vandenberghe, H., d’Haenens, L., & Gorp, B. V. (2014) · Lirias
Exploring News Content Complexity Using Network Analysis
Jacobi, C., Eberl, J., Schlögl, S., et al. (2014)
Li, S. S., Liu, Y.-C., & Lee, C. (2017) · Communication, culture and change in Asia · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6710-5_2
Hellman, H., & Vilkko, A. (2018) · Etnomusikologian vuosikirja · doi:10.23985/evk.69184
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0002
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0003
“No One Wants to Change the System as Much as Those Who Are Trapped by the System”
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0004
What’s New? Media, Public Opinion, and Democracy in the 21st Century
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0006
Looking Backward, Looking Forward
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0007
Framing Inequality at the Ground Level
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0005
MEDYADA ARZ-TALEP İLİŞKİSİ: KAMU YARARI KÂRLILIK İKİLEMİ
VAROL, S. F., & Tayanç, N. K. (2018) · Intermedia International e-journal · doi:10.21645/intermedia.2018.55
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.003.0001
Leong, P. P. Y. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8783-8_1
(2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119370680.ch6
Classifying Documents by Viewpoint Using Word2Vec and Support Vector Machines
Harwell, J., & Yan, L. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08473-7_13
Concentration, Diversity and Localism in Australian News Media MarketsPreprint
Flew, T., & McTernan, C. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4198636
Diversity of Media and Usage Analysis by Generation : Focused on disaster situations
Lee, J.-Y., Hwang, H.-S., Son, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Digital Contents Society · doi:10.9728/dcs.2022.23.9.1747
Cañedo, A. (2019) · Communication & Society · doi:10.15581/003.32.35838
Bakhtawar, B., Latif, F., Murschetz, P. C., & Kamal, A. (2022) · The International Journal on Media Management · doi:10.1080/14241277.2023.2183501
A Doubtful Handshake: The Promising Frontier of Data-Driven Film and Media Studies
Avezzù, G., & Rocchi, M. (2023) · doi:10.21428/93b7ef64.fa016619
การกำกบดแลกจการโทรทศนเพอความหลากหลาย
วรานุศุภากุล, อ. (2017) · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2017.937
Media lokalne i regionalne na tle współczesnych procesów komunikacyjnych
Widera, Z., & Parnes, J. (2023) · doi:10.22367/uekat.9788378758525
A complicated picture: Media diversity in the case of Google’s video search during the pandemic
Wang, Q. (2023) · Internet Policy Review · doi:10.14763/2023.4.1728
Bartolo, L. (2024) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.247841
Content Analysis Information for Chapters 3–6
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.005.0001
Study Design Information for Chapter 5
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.005.0002
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.002.0009
Supplementary Analyses for Chapter 5
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.005.0003
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.002.0005
Guardino, M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190888183.002.0004
Mångfaldens möten: Interkulturalitet, utbildning och lärande
Bergnéhr, D., Nilsson, H., Silander, C., & Trulsson, Å. (2024) · doi:10.15626/9789180821476 · Cited by 1
Pérez, N. M. (2024) · Clivatge Estudis i tesitimonis del conflicte i el canvi social · doi:10.1344/clivatge2024.12.1
Glogger, I. (2024) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2024.2409134
Kim, H., & Youn, S. (2024) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2024.68.5.004
New and Old Captured Policies, Resistances and Diversity in Media and Internet in Argentina
Segura, M. S., Linares, A., & Bizberge, A. (2024) · Palgrave studies in journalism and the global South · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-68962-8_12
Rahayu, R., Pamungkas, T. B., Paramastri, M. A., et al. (2024) · Media Asia · doi:10.1080/01296612.2024.2429449
Bernal, B. H., & Beceiro, S. (2024) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación · doi:10.24137/raeic.11.22.9
Kozak, M. W., Balasingham, B., & Palacios, T. A. R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5117615
Jiang, K. (2025) · International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering · doi:10.22399/ijcesen.1097
Horz-Ishak, C. (2025) · Edition Medienwissenschaft · doi:10.1515/9783839476772-004
Anderson, H., & Backhaus, B. (2025) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849251351491
Media Exposure Diversity: An Empirical Explication
Jia, X., Pan, Z.-D., & Tu, F.-J. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2535391
Jansson, M., & Belle, J. V. (2025) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565251388146
Kim, W. (2025) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565251393826
Pak, C., & Lee, S.-E. (2025) · Asian Communication Research · doi:10.20879/acr.2025.22.020
Biases of Algorithmic and Editorial Recommendations in Public Service Media
Hauck, M., & Rothlauf, F. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13342-7_13
Lor, Z., & Choi, J. (2026) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2026.2615720
The challenge for community radio in Thailand: Diversity and pluralism
Polnigongit, W. (2025) · Radio Journal International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media · doi:10.1386/rjao_00120_1
Depauw, C., & Walgrave, S. (2026) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2026.2626416
News Recommendation and the Right to Receive Diverse Information and Ideas
Vermeulen, J. (2026) · Information technology and law series/Information technology & law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-755-7_3
Diversity-Enhancing News Recommendation and Human Rights
Vermeulen, J. (2026) · Information technology and law series/Information technology & law series · doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-755-7_4
Social media and online media diversity: a global comparison of 150 countries from 2014 to 2022
Lu, J., Guo, Y., & Lin, C. (2026) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2026.2688154
Pak, C., Lee, S.-E., & Lee, S. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2026.2682365
News Diversity Across Platforms. A Large-Scale Analysis of the Norwegian News Media Market
Steensen, S., Kalsnes, B., Kiberg, H., Olsen, G. R., & Kavtaradze, L. (2026) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2026.2706052
Camaj, L., Tartari, A., & Gërguri, D. (2026) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849261473999
45The Case for Information Failures: Reframing the Marketplace of Ideas
Bliss-Carrascosa, S. (2026) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111317595-004
Diversität als Herausforderung für Medien, Migrant*innen und Gesellschaft
Herczeg, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08003-7_24-2
Muntsant, A. M., Lombao, T. F., & Cañedo, A. (2026) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565261497159
The salience of the hues: colour cognition from an indigenous Australian perspective
Lenarcic, J. (2014) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27582603
Metadata
- Authors
- Napoli, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Napoli, Philip M.
- ORCID
- Napoli, Philip M.
- Venue
- Journal of Communication
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1999-12-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 7-34
- ISSN
- 0021-9916 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2466
- OpenAlex
- W2140484261
- Semantic Scholar
- 258c3e93f4dbd705bd790a665b0b59c69f3767fd
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Communication (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Communication › Journalism and Media Studies
- Keywords
- diversity principle, communication policy, Federal Communications Commission, media pluralism, source diversity, content diversity, diversity assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review