The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effectiveness of interventions for reducing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in people with metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis
Abstract
AIMS: To review the evidence on interventions for reversing metabolic syndrome or preventing development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in people with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A systematic review and Bayesian mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis was conducted. Relevant electronic bibliographic databases were searched up to January 2010. Included studies were randomized controlled trials with a follow-up of ≥24 weeks and outcomes comparing incidence of diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease, or reversal of metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies with outcome data for reversal of metabolic syndrome, involving 3907 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Insufficient trials reported cardiovascular events/mortality, or incidence of type 2 diabetes, to conduct a meta-analysis for these outcomes. Interventions, alone or in combination, included lifestyle (diet and/or exercise) and pharmacological therapy. Using random-effect models, both lifestyle (odds ratio, OR 3.81; 95% confidence interval, CI 2.47-5.88) and pharmacological interventions (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.04-2.45) were statistically superior compared with control for reversing metabolic syndrome. Using mixed treatment comparison methods, the probability that lifestyle interventions were the most clinically effective was 87%. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that both lifestyle and pharmacological interventions can reverse metabolic syndrome. However, there is a lack of data on whether these benefits are sustained and translate into longer term prevention of diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Results of a meta-analysis of 16 RCTs with ≥24 weeks of follow-up using lifestyle interventions including diet and exercise, showed a four-fold increased probability of metabolic syndrome remission compared to pharmaceutical interventions [203].”
From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [203]
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., Zimmet, P. Z., Cleeman, J. I., Donato, K. A., Fruchart, J.-C., James, W. P. T., Loria, C. M., & Smith, S. C. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192644 · Cited by 14,860
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581
The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition
Alberti, K. G. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8 · Cited by 9,352
General Cardiovascular Risk Profile for Use in Primary Care: The Framingham Heart Study
D’Agostino, R. B., Vasan, R. S., Pencina, M. J., Wolf, P. A., Cobain, M., Massaro, J. M., & Kannel, W. B. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.699579 · Cited by 7,491
Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356 · Cited by 6,698
Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66378-7 · Cited by 5,755
The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk
Mottillo, S., Filion, K. B., Genest, J., Joseph, L., Pilote, L., Poirier, P., Rinfret, S., Schiffrin, E. L., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034 · Cited by 3,009
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- World Health Organisation., 1999, Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus.
- Higgins JPT, 2006, Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 4.2.6 [updated September 2006].
- 2001, Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness: CRD's guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews
- Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)., 2007, Risk Estimation and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.
- National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE)., 2003, Guidance on the Use of Patient‐Education Models for Diabetes; Technology Appraisal Guidance 60.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–151 of 151
The Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome
Gouveri, E., & Diamantopoulos, E. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407849-9.00029-4 · Cited by 5
Metabolic syndrome in rural Australia: An opportunity for primary health care
Jancey, J. M., James, A. P., Lee, A. H., Howat, P. A., Hills, A. P., Anderson, A. S., Bordin, C., & Blackford, K. (2019) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/ajr.12500 · Cited by 5
PALM: Patient-centered treatment ranking via large-scale multivariate network meta-analysis
Duan, R., Tong, J., Lin, L., Levine, L. D., Sammel, M. D., Stoddard, J., Li, T., Schmid, C. H., Chu, H., & Chen, Y. (2023) · The Annals of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1214/22-aoas1652 · Cited by 4
Cahyaningsih, I., Rokhman, M. R., Sudikno, S., Postma, M. J., & van der Schans, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0314824 · Cited by 4
Lo, S. W. S., Chair, S. Y., & Lee, I. (2017) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000386 · Cited by 4
Assessment of Long Term Metabolic Effects of Atypical Antipsychotics in Schizophrenia Patients
Cason, N.-M., Babeș, P. A., Béres, E., & Babeș, K. (2019) · Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.2478/rjdnmd-2019-0028 · Cited by 3
Мамчур, А. А., Шарашкина, Н. В., Erema, V. V., Kashtanova, D. A., Ivanov, M., Bruttan, M., Zelenova, Е., Шелли, Е. М., Сергеевна, О. В., Dzhumaniiazova, I., et al. (2024) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2024.0120 · Cited by 3
Zhu, Y., Bing, J., Zheng, L., Hao, P., Teng, X., & Wan, L. (2024) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2024.106200 · Cited by 3
Evaluation of a ‘life reform’ program for the metabolic syndrome in Lima, Peru
López, M. V., Sueldo, Y. B., Gutiérrez, C. A., & Ángulo-Bazán, Y. (2020) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2020.03.002 · Cited by 3
Weight Reduction Following Liposuction
Seretis, K. G. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20004-0_29 · Cited by 3
The relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation
Siegmund, L. A., Naylor, J. B., Bena, J., & McClelland, M. S. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.005 · Cited by 3
The roles of IGF2 and DNMT methylation and elongase6 related fatty acids in metabolic syndrome
Li, X., Lyu, C., Luo, Z., Zhao, J., Wang, Z., Yang, C., Dai, Q., Li, H., Zhou, Y., Li, Z., et al. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo00502b · Cited by 3
Vidovic, N., Stevanović, V. B., Zeković, M., & Takić, M. M. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14244341 · Cited by 2
Gebreegziabiher, G., Belachew, T., & Tamiru, D. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-28451-2 · Cited by 2
Digital Interaction: Strategy for Health Literacy and Promotion
Monteiro, R. L., Kamensky, A. P. D. S. O., & Pereira, L. (2023) · Design science and innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29129-6_7 · Cited by 2
Associations Between Heart Rate Variability and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors
Stuckey, M. I. (2013) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 2
Aein, A., Omidi, N., Khatami, F., Samat, S., & Khorgami, M. (2021) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_434_20 · Cited by 2
Sinaga, M., Lindstrom, D., Teshome, M. S., Yemane, T., Tegene, E., & Belachew, T. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-20451/v2 · Cited by 2
Sinaga, M., Lindstrom, D., Teshome, M. S., Yemane, T., Tegene, E., & Belachew, T. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-20451/v1 · Cited by 2
Harnessing Microbiome Therapy to Treat Metabolic Syndrome
Jnainati, M. A., Govindarajan, A., Tyagi, S., Iltaf, M., Jnainati, J. A., Ayoub, M., & Shadab, H. A. (2026) · AACE Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.aed.2025.11.015 · Cited by 1
Zhang, H., Hu, Y., Cai, J., Zhang, N., Zhang, Y., Xiang, Y., Zhong, J., Meng, Q., Tan, Q., Gao, X., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70851 · Cited by 1
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its main components in the civil servants of Almaty.
Tursynbekova, A. E., KSPH", A. C., Карибаев, К. Р., Токмурзиева, Г. Ж., Kulzhanov, M., & Tenenbaum, A. (2018) · Journal Medicine · doi:10.31082/1728-452x-2018-12-6-9-15 · Cited by 1
Orellana-Cornejo, R. A., & Rodriguez-Funes, M.-V. (2019) · Alad · doi:10.24875/alad.19000383 · Cited by 1
Shahbazi, K., Taghvaei, M. H., Solati, S. K., Khaledifar, A., & Shahnazari, M. (2021) · doi:10.32592/ajnpp.2021.8.4.104 · Cited by 1
Abordagens multidisciplinares e inovações tecnológicas no manejo da Síndrome Metabólica
LIRA, I. T. S. D., das Chagas, J. R. N., Marzola, M. B., Martins, I. D. M., & Luna, L. D. S. (2024) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv7n4-491 · Cited by 1
Oluwadaisi, A. M., Ogunlade, O., Owotade, F. J., Oyetola, E. O., Aborisade, A., & Abiola, A. M. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-06481-6 · Cited by 1
Bourey, R. E., Kaw, M., Lester, S. G., Ghanem, S. S., & Najjar, S. M. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b16783-4 · Cited by 1
Exploring the relationship between metabolic syndrome and sleep amongst adults in the UK
Alfawaz, R. A. (2017) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Aein, A., Omidi, N., Khatami, F., Samat, S., & Khorgami, M. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-19871/v1 · Cited by 1
Wirth, A. G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24285-4.00002-1
Kartlegging av kardiovaskulær risiko i en akutt psykoseenhet og videreføring av informasjon til DPS
Noor, N., Bahonjic, E., Eeg, I. K., Fløystad, H. K., Røe, Å. T., Selnes, H., & Snekvik, B. V. (2015) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Early and subsequent life stress: physiological responses, moderating events and outcome
Muller, D. (2015) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
Outcomes of Prediabetes and Diabetes Education Programs Tailored for Vulnerable Popuations
Hassan, D. (2015) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
Tipkanjanaraykha, K., Kangchai, W., Hengudomsub, P., & Schneider, J. K. (2015) · Journal of Health and Nursing Research (Journal of Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Bangkok)
20. Resveratrol and metabolic syndrome in obese men – a review
Solverson, P. M., Novotny, J. A., & Castonguay, T. W. (2017) · Wageningen Academic Publishers eBooks · doi:10.3920/978-90-8686-853-7_20
Rodríguez-Rocha, N. P., Kim, S. K., & Kim, H. (2019) · 보건교육·건강증진학회지 · doi:10.14367/kjhep.2019.36.2.37
Žlibinaitė, L., Solianik, R., Baranauskienė, N., & Skurvydas, A. (2020) · Reabilitacijos mokslai slauga kineziterapija ergoterapija · doi:10.33607/rmske.v2i21.833
Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome
Gouveri, E., Drakopanagiotakis, F., & Diamantopoulos, E. J. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19099-32
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Wong, N. D. (2022) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98824-1_6
Cost-utility analysis of lifestyle modification program forThai patients with metabolic syndrome
Sakulsupsiri, A. (2016) · Chulalongkorn Medical Journal · doi:10.58837/chula.cmj.60.1.2
Zhao, J., Li, M., Ma, K., Hao, R., & Zhou, L. M. (2024) · Advanced Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1002/acm4.3
Zhao, J., Yasunaga, A., Kaczynski, A. T., Park, H., Luo, Y., Li, J., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Yano, S., Oka, K., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/64560 · Cited by 2
Avcu, G., Akbulut, T., Avcu, E. Ç., & Migliaccio, G. M. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61030501
Maksimaalisen hapenkulutuksen määrittäminen sykemittauksen ja vapaasti valitun juoksunopeuden avulla
Salovuori, T. (2014) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
Current and emerging nutrition interventions in cardiac rehabilitation: a narrative review
Small, S. L., Iglesies‐Grau, J., Gariepy, C., Williams, J., Rishis, E., Terada, T., & Kirkham, A. (2026) · Translational Exercise Biomedicine · doi:10.1515/teb-2026-0002
Metabolic health in a changing world: widening the lens to climate, cities, and place
Hinckson, E. A. (2026) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000001239
Bridging the implementation gap in cardiovascular prevention: a narrative review and call to action
Kubielas, G., Gonos, J., Lee, C. S., Durante, Á., Barisone, M., Straiton, N., Jurczyk, A., Kułaga, K., Jędrzejczyk, M., & Uchmanowicz, I. (2026) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2026.1609454
Ahern, A. L., Mueller, J., Breeze, P. R., Sharp, S. J., Whittle, F., Brennan, A., Hill, A. J., Duschinsky, R., Hughes, C. A., Fusco, F., et al. (2025) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/dhyt8854
Ostrowicz, K., Brzuchacz, D., Malinowski, A., Pelczar, A. K., Oczkowska, W., Marchewka, K., Ciesielska, J., Furtek, D., Bartosik, K., & Borkowska, J. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6684
Chen, J., Qu, Y., Cheng, Y., Edwards, A. M., Zhang, Y., Sun, F., & Zheng, C. (2026) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2026.100759
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunkley, A. J., Charles, K., Gray, L. J., Camosso‐Stefinovic, J., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Dunkley, A. J.
- Venue
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-02-21
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 616-625
- ISSN
- 1462-8902 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-1326
- OpenAlex
- W2091832011
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RP-DG-1210-10183, RP-PG-0606-1272)
- University of Leicester
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes prevention, cardiovascular disease prevention, lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, diet, physical activity, diabetes risk
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Prognosis, Exercise, Odds Ratio, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Metabolic Syndrome, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
