The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Facing ‘Tough’ Environments
Abstract
Strategy‐based models centre on the management of unique and valuable resources to take advantage of specific market opportunities. Less examined in this approach are the roles of slack resources in the process of generating firm value – particularly for new firms in ‘tough’ environments where fewer opportunities are available. Using a cohort panel of 951 new manufacturing firms over nine years, our findings provide evidence for the importance of financial slack resources in understanding opportunity generation and also for reconciling theoretical arguments regarding the slack resource–performance link. We find that while financial slack does provide buffering capacity (in hostile and dynamic environments), and flexibility for experimentation (in munificent and dynamic environments) as suggested by prior theory, the most positive relationship between financial slack and performance for new firms was in low discretion environments (hostile and stable environments) – where firms need to develop their own opportunities. The implications of these findings for theory are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/0304-405x(76)90026-x · Cited by 71,491
Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-3352 · Cited by 36,654
Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393553 · Cited by 35,728
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2297968 · Cited by 33,272
Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error
Heckman, J. J. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912352 · Cited by 28,779
Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers
Jensen, M. C. (1986) · Cited by 17,275
Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors
(1980) · Journal of Sustainable Competitive Intelligence · doi:10.24883/iberoamericanic.v2i2.38 · Cited by 16,592
External Control of Organizations: Resource Dependence Perspective
(2011) · Organizational Behavior 6 · doi:10.4324/9781315701967-54 · Cited by 14,181
The theory of the growth of the firm
Penrose, E. (1996) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(96)90295-2 · Cited by 13,770
The Social Psychology of Organizations.
Hackman, J. R., Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1979) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2989929 · Cited by 12,235
Cited by
Organizational Response to Adversity: Fusing Crisis Management and Resilience Research Streams
Williams, T. A., Gruber, D. A., Sutcliffe, K. M., Shepherd, D. A., & Zhao, E. Y. (2017) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2015.0134 · Cited by 1,945
Self-citationCapital is not enough: Innovation in developing economies
Bradley, S. W., McMullen, J. S., Artz, K., & Simiyu, E. M. (2012) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01043.x · Cited by 375
Self-citationAmezcua, A. S., Grimes, M. G., Bradley, S. W., & Wiklund, J. (2013) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0652 · Cited by 361
Self-citationEntrepreneurial failure in agribusiness: Evidence from an emerging economy
Adobor, H. (2020) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-04-2019-0131 · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., & Wiklund, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Management Studies
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-06-13
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1071-1097
- ISSN
- 0022-2380 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6486
- OpenAlex
- W1897732635
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 144
- FWCI
- 7.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Facing ‘Tough’ Environments. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00906.x
- The paper
- Bradley, S. W., Shepherd, D. A., & Wiklund, J. (2011). The Importance of Slack for New Organizations Facing ‘Tough’ Environments. Journal of Management Studies. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00906.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.