The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Although attachment dynamics are thought to be important across the life span, relatively few studies have examined attachment processes beyond young adulthood. Extant research on age differences in attachment orientation has yielded conflicting results and interpretations. The purpose of this study was to provide a more complete picture of age‐related differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method: We examined attachment anxiety and avoidance in 86,555 Internet respondents (71.8% female) ranging in age from 18 to 70. Results: We found that attachment anxiety was highest among younger adults and lowest among middle‐aged and older adults. Attachment avoidance showed less dramatic age differences overall but was highest among middle‐aged adults and lowest among younger and older adults. In addition, partnered individuals reported lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to single individuals, particularly in younger and older adulthood. Women also reported slightly higher anxiety and avoidance compared to men, especially in young adulthood. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles, normative personality development, and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.
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“In general, it is well established that attachment style differs with age, particularly in early adulthood, such that anxiety tends to be higher in younger adults compared to older adults and avoidance tends to be higher in middle-aged adults compared to younger adults [17,18].”
From Exploring the Association between Attachment Style, Psychological Well-Being, and Relationship Status in Young Adults and Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles, normative personality development, and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.”
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Bowlby J., 1969, Attachement and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1)
- 10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165 · DOI · Paper page
- Fraley R. C., 1998, Attachment theory and close relationships, 77
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Sorted by citations
Attachment in Adulthood: Recent Developments, Emerging Debates, and Future Directions
Fraley, R. C. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102813 · Cited by 341
Self-citationDifferences in Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking Across 63 Countries
Chopik, W. J., O’Brien, E., & Konrath, S. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022116673910 · Cited by 301
Self-citationThe Affective Neuroscience of Aging
Mather, M. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540 · Cited by 305
Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to subjective well-being
Chopik, W. J., Newton, N. J., Ryan, L. H., Kashdan, T. B., & Jarden, A. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1414296 · Cited by 153
Self-citationGirme, Y. U., Park, Y., & MacDonald, G. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221136119 · Cited by 141
Metadata
- Authors
- Chopik, W. J., Edelstein, R. S., & Fraley, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chopik, William J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-183
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2108617246
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 13.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, attachment orientation, age differences, lifespan development, midlife, older adults, early adulthood, marital status, gender differences, emotion regulation, social roles
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Anxiety, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Psychometrics
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