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From the Cradle to the Grave: Age Differences in Attachment From Early Adulthood to Old Age
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Objective: Although attachment dynamics are thought to be important across the life span, relatively few studies have examined attachment processes beyond young adulthood. Extant research on age differences in attachment orientation has yielded conflicting results and interpretations. The purpose of this study was to provide a more complete picture of age‐related differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance. Method: We examined attachment anxiety and avoidance in 86,555 Internet respondents (71.8% female) ranging in age from 18 to 70. Results: We found that attachment anxiety was highest among younger adults and lowest among middle‐aged and older adults. Attachment avoidance showed less dramatic age differences overall but was highest among middle‐aged adults and lowest among younger and older adults. In addition, partnered individuals reported lower levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance compared to single individuals, particularly in younger and older adulthood. Women also reported slightly higher anxiety and avoidance compared to men, especially in young adulthood. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in the context of life span changes in social roles, normative personality development, and emotion regulation throughout adulthood.
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“In general, it is well established that attachment style differs with age, particularly in early adulthood, such that anxiety tends to be higher in younger adults compared to older adults and avoidance tends to be higher in middle-aged adults compared to younger adults [17,18].”
From Exploring the Association between Attachment Style, Psychological Well-Being, and Relationship Status in Young Adults and Adults—A Cross-Sectional Study (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chopik, W. J., Edelstein, R. S., & Fraley, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chopik, William J.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-05
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 171-183
- ISSN
- 0022-3506 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-6494
- OpenAlex
- W2108617246
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 13.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, attachment orientation, age differences, lifespan development, midlife, older adults, early adulthood, marital status, gender differences, emotion regulation, social roles
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Anxiety, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Personality Development, Psychometrics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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