The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
AI in training (1980–2000): Foundation for the future or misplaced optimism?
Abstract
Since the beginning of the use of technology to support training and learning there has always been the belief that such new technologies would be able to add value either by reducing costs or increasing effectiveness. The 1980s and early 1990s were a period of enormous optimism as to the promise that such technology could bring. The governments of Europe and the US were generous in their funding of research in this area. In Europe research and development programmes such as ESPRIT, DELTA, RACE, ERASMUS and COMETT, to name only a few, funded a wealth of initiatives aimed at advancing the use of technology. At the margins of the early initiatives was the belief that AI must have a part to play in these developments. This paper reviews the early initiatives and suggests reasons why the potential for the use of AI in education and training has never been truly fulfilled.
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“The authors conceptualise AI as intelligent computer systems or intelligent agents with human features, such as the ability to memorise knowledge, to perceive and manipulate their environment in a similar way as humans, and to understand human natural language (see Huang, 2018;Lodhi, Mishra, Jain, & Bajaj, 2018;Welham, 2008).”
From Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education – where are the educators? (2019) · cites this paper as Welham, 2008
Citations
Cites
AI in CAI: An Artificial-Intelligence Approach to Computer-Assisted Instruction
Carbonell, J. (1970) · IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/tmms.1970.299942 · Cited by 955
Research works printed but not linked: 12
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- 10.1207/s15516709cog0202_4 · DOI
- Brown J. S., 1982, Intelligent tutoring systems, 227
- Cumming G., 1988, Artificial intelligence applications to learning and training
- DELTA, 1991, Final technical report, DELTA: developing European learning through technological advance
- Fox J., 1982, Expert systems” state of the art report series
- 10.1016/j.eswa.2004.08.003 · DOI
- Self J., 1988, Artificial intelligence and human learning
- 10.1016/B978-0-08-034097-5.50015-X · DOI
- Sleeman D., 1982, Intelligent tutoring systems, 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 · Cited by 7,242
“According to Welham (2008), the first ITS reported was the SCHOLAR system, launched in 1970, which allowed the reciprocal exchange of questions between teacher and student, but not holding a continuous conversation.”
BackgroundIsaac, M., Ateeq, M., Hafizh, H., Hu, B., & Shodipo, D. (2023) · 2023 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment and Learning for Engineering (TALE) · doi:10.1109/tale56641.2023.10398344 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Welham, D.
- Corresponding author
- Welham, David
- Venue
- British Journal of Educational Technology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 287-296
- ISSN
- 0007-1013 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8535
- OpenAlex
- W1973185606
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Educational Technology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Technology in Learning
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in training, educational technology, history of artificial intelligence, ESPRIT, Erasmus, race, Delta, government research funding, technology adoption in education, training effectiveness
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