The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Ignorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States
Abstract
HOGREFE, G.-JUERGEN; WIMMER, HEINZ; and PERNER, JOSEF. Ignorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 567-582. 3-6-year-old children were either put into real-life situations or were read stories in which another person or story character was excluded from certain information. Their competence in attributing absence of knowledge (ignorance) was compared to their competence in attributing a false belief to the other. A marked difference between attributions was found. In a transitional stage at 3-4 years children were able to attribute ignorance but failed to attribute the resulting false belief. The same developmental gap for children about 2 years older was found between the attribution of secondorder ignorance and second-order false belief. Results are interpreted to show that children at a transitional stage find it difficult to represent the incompatible propositions describing the true state of affairs and the state of affairs falsely believed to be true by the other. Such a complexity is not involved in the understanding of ignorance where it has just to be represented that the other does not share the representation of the true state of affairs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind” ?
Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8 · Cited by 8,599
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305
Self-citationBMDP Statistical Software 1981.
Bubolz, T. A., & Dixon, W. J. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288308 · Cited by 5,221
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) · Cited by 5,190
Perner, J., & Wimmer, H. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(85)90051-7 · Cited by 1,380
Self-citationFlavell, J. H., Everett, B. A., Croft, K., & Flavell, E. R. (1981) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.17.1.99 · Cited by 828
The development of role-taking and communication skills in children
Flavell, J. H. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 800
Development of the appearance-reality distinction
Flavell, J. H., Flavell, E. R., & Green, F. L. (1983) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90005-1 · Cited by 670
The Early Development of Inferences about the Visual Percepts of Others
Masangkay, Z. S., McCluskey, K. A., McIntyre, C. W., Sims‐Knight, J. E., Vaughn, B. E., & Flavell, J. H. (1974) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1974.tb00604.x · Cited by 343
Children's Understanding of Inference as a Source of Knowledge
Sodian, B., & Wimmer, H. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb01390.x · Cited by 289
Self-citation
Cited by
Meta-Analysis of Theory-of-Mind Development: The Truth about False Belief
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00304 · Cited by 4,476
The Persuasion Knowledge Model: How People Cope with Persuasion Attempts
Friestad, M., & Wright, P. (1994) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209380 · Cited by 3,811
Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."
Leslie, A. M. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.4.412 · Cited by 3,379
Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing
Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1218 · Cited by 2,306
Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks.
Wellman, H. M., & Liu, D. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00691.x · Cited by 1,980
Metadata
- Authors
- Hogrefe, G.-J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J.
- Venue
- Child Development
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1986-06-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 567-567
- ISSN
- 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1978630297
- Cited by
- 688
- References
- 20
- FWCI
- 10.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Ignorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00228.x
- The paper
- Hogrefe, G.-J., Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1986). Ignorance versus False Belief: A Developmental Lag in Attribution of Epistemic States. Child Development. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00228.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
