The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Context of Social Identity: Domination, Resistance, and Change
Abstract
The task of social psychology is to explain the flexibility of human beings in creating and relating to their social worlds. Social identity and self‐categorization theories provide a thoroughgoing interactionist framework for achieving such a task. However, in order to do so, it is necessary to avoid reductionist misreadings of the theories that would explain human social action simply by reference to psychological processes, without examining how the play of process depends on the cultural and structural settings in which they occur. More specifically, to the extent that self‐categories shape social action, flexibility is achieved through the categories to which we belong, the others with whom we compare ourselves, and the dimensions along which such comparisons occur. These are not a fixed aspect of the human condition but are a focus for argument precisely because of their world‐making consequences.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Hence, transforming one's personal beliefs and constructing a new professional identity is neither instantaneous nor easy (Reicher 2004).”
From Science education reform in Confucian learning cultures: teachers' perspectives on policy and practice in Taiwan (2018) · cites this paper as Reicher 2004
Citations
Cites
The Interpretation of Cultures
Fenn, R. K., & Geertz, C. (1974) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384392 · Cited by 19,241
The Interpretation of Cultures
Dadze-Arthur, A. F. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912128310 · Cited by 16,510
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199269464.003.0005 · Cited by 12,701
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626
Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method.
Kanter, R. M., & Blumer, H. (1971) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094060 · Cited by 9,898
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self‐Categorization Theory
REID, F. J. M. (1987) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1987.tb00799.x · Cited by 8,145
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,207
Self-citationSocial categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- Barrows S., 1981, Distorting mirrors
- Bartlett F. C., 1932, Remembering
- Billig M., 1987, Arguing and thinking
- Billig M., 1996, Banal nationalism
- Campbell D., 1992, Writing security
- Eagleton T., 1996, Ideology
- Emler N., 1995, Adolescence and delinquency
- 10.1037//0022-3514.71.6.1222 · DOI
- Lewontin R. C., 1993, The doctrine of DNA
- Pynchon T., 1972, Gravity’s rainbow
- Reicher S., 1986, Contact, conflict and intergroup encounters, 152
- Reicher S., 2001, Self and nation
- Reicher S., 1997, Stereotyping and social identity, 94
- Reicher S., 1997, Ethnic stereotypes and national purity, no. 20 of DQR Studies in Literature, 53
- 10.1037/1089-2699.2.4.267 · DOI
- Renan E., 1990, Nation and narration, 8
- Reynolds K. J., 2001, Us and them: Understanding the psychology of prejudice and racism, 159
- Turner J. C., 1999, Social identity: Context, commitment, content, 6
- Turner J., 1978, Differentiation between social groups, 201
- Wallerstein I., 1991, Race, nation, class, 71
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 561
Travaglino, G. A., & Abrams, D. (2019) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2019.1621128 · Cited by 54
HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On
Rohleder, P., Swartz, L. M., Kalichman, S. C., & Simbayi, L. C. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0306-8 · Cited by 82
Xenophobic Violence and Struggle Discourse in South Africa
Kerr, P., Durrheim, K. L., & Dixon, J. A. (2019) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/0021909619851827 · Cited by 46
Statistical modelling of vignette data in psychology
Baguley, T. S., Dunham, G., & Steer, O. L. (2022) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12577 · Cited by 57
Support for Resistance Among Iraqi Students: An Exploratory Study
Fischer, R. D., Harb, C., Al-Sarraf, S., & Nashabe, O. (2008) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530802209202 · Cited by 45
A social mind: The context of John Turner’s work and its influence
Reicher, S. D., Haslam, S. A., Spears, R., & Reynolds, K. J. (2012) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2012.745672 · Cited by 56
Self-citation“Nobody Wants to Be an Outsider”: From Diversity Management to Diversity Engagement
Howarth, C., & Andreouli, E. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12276 · Cited by 49
Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors’ Language
Baele, S. J. (2019) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x19868494 · Cited by 44
Sengupta, N. K., Greaves, L. M., Osborne, D., & Sibley, C. G. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12192 · Cited by 45
Group life shapes the psychology and biology of health: The case for a sociopsychobio model
Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Jetten, J., Cruwys, T., & Bentley, S. V. (2019) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12490 · Cited by 54
Identity salience model: A paradigm for integrating multiple identities in clinical practice.
Yakushko, O. F., Davidson, M. M., & Williams, E. N. (2009) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0016080 · Cited by 46
Steffens, N., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., & Mols, F. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12387 · Cited by 35
Behravesh, M. (2018) · Journal of International Relations and Development · doi:10.1057/s41268-018-0149-x · Cited by 46
Lindegger, G., & Quayle, M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0306-8_4 · Cited by 41
Amer, A. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12637 · Cited by 49
Fernández, D., Ryan, M. K., & Begeny, C. T. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281967 · Cited by 47
Narrative and the Politics of Identity
Hammack, P. L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394467.001.0001 · Cited by 43
Chapman, M. (2016) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2269 · Cited by 39
Calfano, B., Lajevardi, N., & Michelson, M. R. (2017) · Politics Groups and Identities · doi:10.1080/21565503.2017.1386573 · Cited by 39
Who gets to lead the multinational team? An updated status characteristics perspective
Paunova, M. M. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726716678469 · Cited by 40
Reimagining community health psychology: Maps, journeys and new terrains
Campbell, C., & Cornish, F. (2013) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105313500263 · Cited by 42
‘Changing the context’: Tackling discrimination at school and in society
Howarth, C., & Andreouli, E. (2014) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.06.004 · Cited by 37
Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, J. C. (2017) · Conflict Management and Peace Science · doi:10.1177/0738894216674969 · Cited by 37
Intergroup Positioning and Power
Louis, W. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72112-5_2 · Cited by 37
Tough Love: The Normative Conflict Model and a Goal System Approach to Dissent Decisions
Packer, D. J., & Miners, C. T. H. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12114 · Cited by 42
Chryssochoou, X., & Lyons, E. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444328158.ch4 · Cited by 37
National symbols and distinctiveness: Rhetorical strategies in creating distinct national identities
Finell, E., & Liebkind, K. (2009) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466609x455190 · Cited by 36
Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.266 · Cited by 36
Self-citationGlobal identification, xenophobia and globalisation: A cross‐national exploration
Ariely, G. (2016) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12364 · Cited by 35
The impact of ingroup favoritism on self-esteem: A normative perspective
Iacoviello, V., Berent, J., Frederic, N., & Pereira, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.013 · Cited by 25
A citation analysis of Henri Tajfel's work on intergroup relations
Dumont, K. B., & Louw, J. (2008) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00207590701390933 · Cited by 37
Morrison, E. (2010) · Journal of Homosexuality · doi:10.1080/00918361003712103 · Cited by 33
Grier, S. A., Johnson, G. D., & Scott, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1278 · Cited by 33
The economic inequality as normative information model (EINIM)
Sánchez‐Rodríguez, Á., Rodríguez‐Bailón, R., & Willis, G. B. (2023) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2022.2160555 · Cited by 33
Täuber, S., & van Zomeren, M. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.08.014 · Cited by 33
The propaganda of extreme hostility: Denunciation and the regulation of the group
Finlay, W. M. L. (2006) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466606x113615 · Cited by 33
An Integrative Social Identity Model of Populist Leadership
Uysal, M. S., Jurstakova, K., & Uluşahin, Y. (2022) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12713 · Cited by 32
Dutt, A., & Grabe, S. (2014) · Qualitative Psychology · doi:10.1037/qup0000010 · Cited by 36
Berndsen, M., Thomas, E. F., & Pedersen, A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.007 · Cited by 32
Development of the Resistance and Empowerment Against Racism (REAR) Scale.
Suyemoto, K. L., Abdullah, T., Godon-Decoteau, D., Tahirkheli, N. N., Arbid, N., & Frye, A. A. (2021) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000353 · Cited by 34
Gaucher, D. M., & Jost, J. T. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9994-8_10 · Cited by 31
Jogdand, Y., Khan, S. S., & Mishra, A. K. (2016) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i2.603 · Cited by 35
Reification and the refugee: Using a counterposing dialogical analysis to unlock a frozen category
Mahendran, K., Magnusson, N., Howarth, C., & Scuzzarello, S. (2019) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v7i1.656 · Cited by 31
Social identity explanations of system justification: Misconceptions, criticisms, and clarifications
Rubin, M., Owuamalam, C. K., Spears, R., & Caricati, L. (2023) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2023.2184578 · Cited by 37
From Identity to Enaction: Identity Behavior Theory
Simons, J. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.679490 · Cited by 36
Challenging the Idea That Humans Are Not Designed to Solve Climate Change
Atkinson, Q. D., & Jacquet, J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916211018454 · Cited by 35
Olivieri, V. (2015) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2015.1009480 · Cited by 30
Relative Group Position and Intergroup Attitudes in Russia
Minescu, A. (2004) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 30
Identity processes in culturally diverse societies: how is cultural diversity reflected in the self?
Chryssochoou, X. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139136983.011 · Cited by 29
Owuamalam, C. K., & Spears, R. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103897 · Cited by 30
Packer, D. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12017 · Cited by 26
Spoor, J. R., & Schmitt, M. T. (2011) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2010.539948 · Cited by 29
Shnabel, N., & Ullrich, J. (2013) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v1i1.187 · Cited by 32
The Discursive Frames of Political Psychology
Nesbitt‐Larking, P., & Kinnvall, C. (2011) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00862.x · Cited by 32
#Globalcitizen: An Explorative Twitter Analysis of Global Identity and Sustainability Communication
Merle, M., Reese, G., & Drews, S. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11123472 · Cited by 27
Measuring the belief system of a person.
Brandt, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000416 · Cited by 32
A social psychological approach to understanding moral panic
Pearce, J. M., & Charman, E. A. (2011) · Crime Media Culture An International Journal · doi:10.1177/1741659011417607 · Cited by 27
Raising European citizens: Constructing European identities in French and English textbooks
Sakki, I. (2016) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v4i1.350 · Cited by 28
The Endurance and Contestations of Colonial Constructions of Race Among Malaysians and Singaporeans
Reddy, G., & Gleibs, I. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00792 · Cited by 30
System justification drives Latino support for nativist policies
Pérez, E. O., Alhambra, R., Nguy, J. H., Bielskis, O., Chabane, L., Gudino, A., Katz, C., Liu, J., Mojica, E., & Zhou, M. (2024) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302241245383 · Cited by 15
Sharafutdinova, G. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197502938.001.0001 · Cited by 33
Pilecki, A., & Hammack, P. L. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12063 · Cited by 26
Don’t forget to remember: Collective memory of the Yugoslav wars in present-day Serbia.
Obradović, S. (2016) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000144 · Cited by 30
Ethos of Conflict and Beyond: Differentiating Social Representations of Conflict
Cohrs, J. C., Uluğ, Ö. M., Stahel, L., & Kışlıoğlu, R. (2015) · Peace psychology book series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17861-5_3 · Cited by 25
Representation and resistance: A qualitative study of narratives of Deaf cultural identity
Chapman, M. (2021) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x21993794 · Cited by 24
The intergroup perspective on cross-group friendship
Page‐Gould, E., Harris, K., MacInnis, C. C., Danyluck, C. M., & Miller, I. D. (2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2021.10.001 · Cited by 26
O’Reilly, C., Maher, P. J., Smith, E. M., MacCarron, P., & Quayle, M. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3000 · Cited by 32
Negotiating British Muslim identity: Everyday concerns of practicing Muslims in London
Sartawi, M., & Sammut, G. (2012) · Culture & Psychology · doi:10.1177/1354067x12456714 · Cited by 26
Does Being a Sport Fan Provide Meaning in Life?
Delia, E. B., James, J. D., & Wann, D. L. L. (2021) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.2020-0267 · Cited by 31
Theories of Socio-Political Change and the Dynamics of Sub-Group Versus Superordinate Interests
Reynolds, K. J., Jones, B. M., O’Brien, K., & Subašić, E. (2013) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000159 · Cited by 24
Moving People and Shifting Representations
Deaux, K., & Wiley, S. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230609181_2 · Cited by 23
Why Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Strike Back at Perceived Negativity Towards the In‐group?
Owuamalam, C. K., Issmer, C., Zagefka, H., Klaßen, M., & Wagner, U. (2013) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2165 · Cited by 23
Voices of Young Women in Interfaith Marriages
Bhatoo, S., & Bhowon, U. (2018) · Asian journal of social science · doi:10.1163/15685314-04603004 · Cited by 22
Modeling Collective Behaviour: Insights and Applications from Crowd Psychology
Templeton, A., & Neville, F. (2020) · Modeling and simulation in science, engineering & technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50450-2_4 · Cited by 22
Broadening Perspectives on Achieving Social Change
Stroebe, K. E., Wang, K., & Wright, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12132 · Cited by 22
Indigenous Rights in Chile: National Identity and Majority Group Support for Multicultural Policies
Pehrson, S., González, R., & Brown, R. J. (2011) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00827.x · Cited by 22
Kroon, D. P., Noorderhaven, N., & Leufkens, A. S. (2009) · Advances in mergers & acquisitions/Advances in mergers and acquisitions · doi:10.1108/s1479-361x(2009)0000008004 · Cited by 22
Shayegh, J., Storey, L., Turner, R. N., & Barry, J. (2021) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12798 · Cited by 21
Lay theories about collective power in the context of racial oppression
Twali, M. S., Overstreet, N. M., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2951 · Cited by 22
Greenwood, R. M. (2011) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13488-006 · Cited by 27
The development of in-group favoritism: Between social reality and group identity.
Verkuyten, M., & Wolf, A. D. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.901 · Cited by 21
“Ours”: Understanding Collective Psychological Ownership
Verkuyten, M. (2024) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2414286 · Cited by 23
Plante, C. N., Roberts, S. E., Snider, J. S., Schroy, C. A., Reysen, S., & Gerbasi, K. C. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12079 · Cited by 20
Chayinska, M., Kende, A., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220985911 · Cited by 20
Fonseca, L., & Jovchelovitch, S. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2967 · Cited by 20
System Justification: A Motivational Process with Implications for Social Conflict
Jost, J. T., Liviatan, I., van der Toorn, J., Ledgerwood, A., Mandisodza, A. N., & Nosek, B. A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19035-3_19 · Cited by 20
Kanas, A., & Martinović, B. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12345 · Cited by 20
The role of identity in conflict
Cook‐Huffman, C. (2008) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203893166-13 · Cited by 35
Social order and political legitimacy
Staerklé, C. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107323650.024 · Cited by 20
Moscatelli, S., Menegatti, M., Albarello, F., Felicia Pratto, B., & Rubini, M. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12504 · Cited by 20
Sapountzis, A., Figgou, L., Bozatzis, N., Gardikiotis, A., & Πανταζής, Π. (2012) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2128 · Cited by 20
Ingroup friendship and political mobilization among the disadvantaged.
Sengupta, N., Milojev, P., Barlow, F., & Sibley, C. (2015) · Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038007 · Cited by 14
Perspectives on Violence and Othering in India
(2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2613-0 · Cited by 20
Social psychological research on prejudice as collective action supporting emergent ingroup members
Ferguson, M. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Reynolds, K. J. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12294 · Cited by 19
Kanas, A., Scheepers, P. L. H., & Sterkens, C. (2016) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2212 · Cited by 19
ASIA: Automated Social Identity Assessment using linguistic style
Koschate, M., Naserian, E., Dickens, L., Stuart, A., Russo, A., & Levine, M. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01511-3 · Cited by 19
Humanizing racialization: Social psychology in a time of unexpected transformational conjunctions
Phoenix, A. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12517 · Cited by 25
Lukate, J. M., & Foster, J. (2022) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12584 · Cited by 24
Grabner‐Kräuter, S., Tafolli, F., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2023) · Public Performance & Management Review · doi:10.1080/15309576.2023.2170433 · Cited by 18
Amer, A., & Howarth, C. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2352 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Reicher, S.
- Affiliations
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Reicher, Stephen
- ORCID
- Reicher, Stephen
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-11-10
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 921-945
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9221
- OpenAlex
- W1997507210
- Cited by
- 559
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 43.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Cultural Identity and Representation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Keywords
- social identity, self-categorization theory, domination, resistance, social change, interactionism, cultural context, structural context, social comparison, world-making
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review