An audience effect on smile production in 10-month-old infants
Abstract
This report presents evidence that smile production in 10-month-old infants is affected by the presence or absence of an audience for the facial display. The audience effect does not appear to be mediated by emotion. The evidence indicates that the production of facial expressions is at least partly independent of emotion and partly dependent on a social-communicative context from a very early age.
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The notion that the 'true' or 'social' smile does not appear much before 6 weeks of age was suggested by Darwin and is still validated by contemporary research.
“Indeed, the notion that the ‘true’ or ‘social’ smile does not appear much before 6 weeks of age had already been suggested by Darwin (1877) and is still validated by contemporary research (Jones et al., 1991).”
From Back to basics: A re-evaluation of the relevance of imprinting in the genesis of Bowlby’s attachment theory (2022) · cites this paper as Jones et al., 1991
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“Indeed, the notion that the ‘true’ or ‘social’ smile does not appear much before 6 weeks of age had already been suggested by Darwin (1877) and is still validated by contemporary research (Jones et al., 1991).”
Background
- Authors
- Jones, S. S., Collins, K., & Hong, H.-W.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Indiana University (US)
- ORCID
- Collins, Kimberly
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1991-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-49
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2021519107
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- audience effects, infant facial expressions, 10-month-old infants, infant social cognition
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