The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Voluntary Smiling Changes Regional Brain Activity
Abstract
We used measures of regional brain electrical activity to show that not all smiles are the same. Only one form of smiling produced the physiological pattern associated with enjoyment. Our finding helps to explain why investigators who treated all smiles as the same found smiles to be ubiquitous, occurring when people are unhappy as well as happy. Also, our finding that voluntarily making two different kinds of smiles generated the same two patterns of regional brain activity as was found when these smiles occur involuntarily suggests that it is possible to generate deliberately some of the physiological change which occurs during spontaneous positive affect.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Voluntary Facial Action Generates Emotion‐Specific Autonomic Nervous System Activity
Levenson, R. W., Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02330.x · Cited by 1,248
Self-citationEmotion, physiology, and expression in old age
Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., & Ekman, P. (1991) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.6.1.28 · Cited by 634
Self-citation
Cited by
An argument for basic emotions
Ekman, P. (1992) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939208411068 · Cited by 9,646
Self-citationThe functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407
Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions
L. Fredrickson, B., & Levenson, R. W. (1998) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379718 · Cited by 1,592
Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: psychological and neurological mechanisms
Adolphs, R. (2002) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582302001001003 · Cited by 1,432
Frontal EEG asymmetry as a moderator and mediator of emotion
Coan, J. A., & Allen, J. J. B. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.002 · Cited by 1,426
Metadata
- Authors
- Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J.
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1993-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 342-345
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2134436701
- Cited by
- 260
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Voluntary Smiling Changes Regional Brain Activity. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00576.x
- The paper
- Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1993). Voluntary Smiling Changes Regional Brain Activity. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00576.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
