Emotion, physiology, and expression in old age
Abstract
Emotion-specific autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity was studied in 20 elderly people (age 71-83 years, M = 77) who followed muscle-by-muscle instructions for constructing facial prototypes of emotional expressions and relived past emotional experiences. Results indicated that (a) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity produced by these tasks closely resembled those found in other studies with younger Ss, (b) the magnitude of change in ANS measures was smaller in older than in younger Ss, (c) patterns of emotion-specific ANS activity showed generality across the 2 modes of elicitation, (d) emotion self-reports and spontaneous production of emotional facial expressions that occurred during relived emotional memories were comparable with those found in younger Ss, (e) elderly men and women did not differ in emotional physiology or facial expression, and (f) elderly women reported experiencing more intense emotions when reliving emotional memories than did elderly men.
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As people age there is tremendous blunting of key physiological systems, like SNS responses.
“As people age there is tremendous blunting of key physiological systems, like SNS responses.”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
In research with older adults, anger manipulations did not engender increases in peripheral (finger) skin temperature as has been observed in younger adults.
“Importantly, in research with older adults, anger manipulations did not engender increases in peripheral (finger) skin temperature as has been observed in younger adults (Levenson et al., 1991).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
Older adults show lower heart rate responses for anger, fear, and sadness compared to younger adults during a directed facial action task.
“For example, Levenson and colleagues observed lower heart rate responses for anger, fear, and sadness in older adults compared to younger adults during a directed facial action task (Levenson et al., 1991).”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Levenson et al., 1991
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Respiratory feedback in the generation of emotion
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Linking Process and Outcome in the Study of Emotion and Aging
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“Older adults not only report less experience of negative emotions (Gross et al, 1997 ), but also show reduced emotion-specific nervous system activity (Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991 ), exhibiting arousal levels and related physiological responses to emotion that are of lower levels of intensity compared…”
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“Findings from medicine and psychology have shown that emotional reactions to life events can affect physiology in ways that are potentially damaging or beneficial for health (Ekman et al. 1983; Levenson et al. 1991; Levenson et al. 1992; Collet et al. 1997).”
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“Indeed, existing studies using the relived emotions task have either found no difference (Levenson et al., 1991) or found greater expression in older samples (Malatesta-Magai et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAge related changes in emotional memory.
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BackgroundHostility Predicts Magnitude and Duration of Blood Pressure Response to Anger
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“Participants were asked to recall and then later relive a specific past experience of anger (Levenson et al., 1991).”
BackgroundSocial Support, Depression, and Activities of Daily Living in Older Heart Surgery Patients
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Facial age affects emotional expression decoding
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“Furthermore, studies investigating the ability to discriminate among individual faces suggest that early in childhood, perceptual processes become tuned to adult faces as the faces children have been most frequently exposed to since birth (see Macchi Cassia, 2011, for a review).”
BackgroundMethodology for Assessing Bodily Expression of Emotion
Gross, M. M., Crane, E. A., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-010-0094-x · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“An autobiographical memories paradigm was used to elicit emotions in the actors (Labouvie-Vief et al. 2003; Levenson et al. 1991 ).”
MethodAge-differential patterns of brain activation during perception of angry faces
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“…subjects followed muscle-by-muscle instructions and coaching to produce facial configurations which resemble the different types of basic emotions during instruction of the expression of the different types of basic emotions (Ekman et al., 1983; Levenson et al., 1990, 1991,1992; Levenson, 1993).”
Pain in Cognitively Impaired Older Persons
Parmelee, P. A. (1996) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30212-x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Davis, E. P., Donzella, B., Krueger, W. K., & Gunnar, M. R. (1999) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199911)35:3 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Worry, emotion control, and anxiety control in older and young adults
Gould, C. E., & Edelstein, B. A. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.009 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The subjective evaluation of well-being in adulthood: Findings and implications
Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2004) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-004-1013-4 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Emotions Research: Some Promising Questions and Some Questionable Promises
Zajonc, R. B., & McIntosh, D. N. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00261.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…changes during both the posed-face task and a relived-emotions (imagery) task in a group of elderly people, Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, and Ekman (1991) replicated the finding that heart rate increased more for anger and sadness than for disgust (but the distinction between fear and…”
BackgroundAn autonomous robotic exercise tutor for elderly people
Görer, B., Salah, A. A., & Akın, H. L. (2016) · Autonomous Robots · doi:10.1007/s10514-016-9598-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Facial expressivity significantly drops with aging (Levenson et al. 1991).”
Age Differences in Affective Well‐Being: Context Matters
Charles, S. T., & Piazza, J. R. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00202.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Lohani, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.853648 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Similar to expression findings, some past work on age differences suggests that autonomic responses are reduced in older adults, particularly cardiovascular reactivity (e.g., Labouvie-Vief, Lumley, Jain, & Heinze, 2003; Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991).”
ResultLawton, M. P. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00130 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“In other studies in which emotion was induced and rated on the spot, however, no age differ- ences in intensity were reported (Levenson et al., 1991, in their relived-emotion task; Malatesta et al., 1987).”
BackgroundResultInfluences of Age on Emotional Reactivity During Picture Processing
Smith, D. P., Hillman, C. H., & Duley, A. R. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.1.p49 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Cardiovascular changes during induced emotion
Prkachin, K. M., Williams, R. M., Zwaal, C., & Mills, D. E. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00036-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Subsequent studies have extended these findings to subjects from different ages [11] and cultures [12].”
BackgroundFacial Expressions of Emotion and Personality
Keltner, D. (1996) · Handbook of Emotion, Adult Development, and Aging · doi:10.1016/b978-012464995-8/50022-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Durán, J. I., & Fernández-Dols, J.-M. (2021) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0001015 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Li, W., Cui, Y., Ma, Y., Chen, X., Li, G., Zeng, G., Guo, G., & Cao, D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2021.3063387 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“As per [52] and [53], the facial expression video sequences 15s after drivers started driving were clipped as the most effective data.”
The Feeling of Action Tendencies: On the Emotional Regulation of Goal-Directed Behavior
Lowe, R. J., & Ziemke, T. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00346 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The researchers’“Somatovisceral Afference Model of Emotion” (SAME) describes three (historically) 6Ekman and colleagues have, however, investigated physiological (interoceptively processed) correlates of emotion – see, for example, Levenson et al. (1992).”
BackgroundUbiquitous emotion-aware computing
van den Broek, E. L. (2011) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-011-0479-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Selectivity as an emotion regulation strategy: lessons from older adults
Sims, T. L., Hogan, C., & Carstensen, L. L. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.012 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Memories May Become More Positive as People Age
Mather, M. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756232.ch7 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., Friesen, W. V., & Ekman, P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Psychology and Aging
- Published
- 1991-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28-35
- ISSN
- 0882-7974 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1498
- OpenAlex
- W4248591389
- Cited by
- 634
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 107 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology and Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh039895-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG007476, AG05592, AG07476)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 39895)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, physiological arousal, emotional expression, aging, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Emotions, Facial Expression, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Male, Psychophysiology, Mental Recall
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