Cited by 603Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesIdentity, Memory, and TherapyEmotions and Moral Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

When Asking “Why” Does Not Hurt Distinguishing Rumination From Reflective Processing of Negative Emotions

Kross, Ethan, Ayduk, Ozlem, Mischel, Walter·2005·Psychological Science

DOI 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Two experiments examined the psychological operations that enable individuals to process negative emotions and experiences without increasing negative affect. In Study 1, type of self-perspective (self-immersed vs. self-distanced) and type of emotional focus (what vs. why) were experimentally manipulated following the recall of an anger-eliciting interpersonal experience. A why focus on emotions from a self-distanced perspective (distanced-why strategy) was expected to enable “cool,” reflective processing of emotions, in which individuals can focus on their experience without reactivating excessive “hot” negative affect. Findings were consistent with this hypothesis. Study 2 replicated these findings and furthermore demonstrated that (a) the degree to which individuals construe their recalled experience in abstract versus concrete terms mediates the effect of the distanced-why strategy and (b) the status of the recalled experience (resolved vs. unresolved) does not moderate the effectiveness of the distanced-why strategy. These findings help disentangle the mechanisms that may allow adaptive working through from those that lead to rumination.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448
Untitled work
(1993) · Cited by 7,136
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529
Delay of gratification in children.
Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2658056 · Cited by 3,397
Self-citation
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., Ridgeway, V. A., Soulsby, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.4.615 · Cited by 3,236
Temporal construal.
Trope, Y., & Liberman, N. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.3.403 · Cited by 3,006

Show all 41 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504 · DOI · Paper page
Zeno W.M., 1995, The educator's word frequency index

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 603

Depressives Grübeln: Konsequenzen, Theorie und Behandlung
Teismann, T., Hanning, S., von Brachel, R., & Willutzki, U. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25229-7_1
Countering rumination in everyday life: an investigation of daily self-distancing, distraction, and concrete analysis in a ruminative population
Yasinski, C. (2025) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/x1kf-2y23
FAILURE: A STUDY OF MALADAPTIVE RUMINATION AND ITS AFFECTIVE
Jones, N. P. (2007)
BRIEF REPORT Psychological Distance and Emotional Experience: What You See Is What You Get
Davis, J. I., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015)
Sense of meaning in context: A study of meaning for past events in relation to future goals, and in relation to intrusions and personality over time.
Lowinger, R. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
This essay was presented as a work in progress. Please do not cite without the author's permission.
Templeton, J. J., Templeton, J. L., & Johnson, M. K. (2014)
Enhancing the Pace of Recovery Self-Distanced Analysis of Negative Experiences Reduces
Ayduk, Ö. N. (2008)
Special issue article Mental travel into the past: Differentiating recollections of nostalgic, ordinary, and positive events
Stephan, E., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012)
LIMITATIONS OF A SELF-DISTANCED PERSPECTIVE: ALEXITHYMIA AS A MODERATOR OF SELF-DISTANCING AND EMOTIONAL PROCESSING
Elizabeth, C. (2012)
MEASURING VISUAL PERSPECTIVE IN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY ACROSS
Rice, H. J. (2007)
Predicting Future Emotions from Different Points of View: The Influence of Imagery Perspective on Affective Forecasting Accuracy
Hines, K. A. (2010) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Meta-analyses of cardiovascular responses to rumination : exploring mechanisms linking depression and hostility to cardiovascular disease.
Busch, L. Y. (2015) · doi:10.18297/etd/2304
Manifestations of responsiveness and control in husbands‟ and wives‟ marital and parental communication
Estlein, R. (2013) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3st7nfv
Expanding Rumination. An Investigation into the Contributors to and Emotional and Interpersonal Consequences of Ruminative Thought
Betman, J. E. M. (2012) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/8897
BRIEF REPORT Hooked on a Feeling: Rumination About Positive and Negative Emotion in Inter-Episode Bipolar Disorder
Gruber, J., Eidelman, P., Johnson, S. L., Smith, B., & Harvey, A. G. (2011)
Narratives of entrepreneurial failure
Shepherd, D. A., Williams, T. A., Wolfe, M. T., & Patzelt, H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316416242.008
PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE PROCESS OF PERSPECTIVE SHIFT IN THE MENTAL IMAGERY OF TEST ANXIETY
Eremsoy, C. E., Özer, A., & Kromer, E. (2016) · Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17755/esosder.258825
Frenzy: A psychological distance account of rumination, mood, and creativity
Copeland, C. T. (2015) · SHAREOK (University of Oklahoma; Oklahoma State University; Central Oklahoma University)
Dysphoria and facial emotion recognition: Examining the role of rumination
Duong, D. (2012) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
A pilot study of a brief self-distancing and perspective-broadening training package for bipolar disorder
Hill, E. (2016) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Navigating One’s Social Relationships to Thrive: Uncovering and Understanding the Divergent Effects of Supportive Social Relationships.
Lee, D. S. (2016) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
BRIEF REPORT When the ends outweigh the means: Mood and level of identification in depression
Watkins, E. R., Moberly, N. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2011)
Sexual Trauma, Attachment, and Dissociation in Eating Disorder Populations
Rivinius, K. C. (2013) · The Scholars Repository - LLU (Loma Linda University)
The effects of temporal orientation on reasoning over relationship conflicts
Huynh, A. C. (2013) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
How we think about our past experiences affects how we can help others
Gerace, A. (2017) · doi:10.64628/aa.pjss4uswc
The Stigma-Related Strengths Model: The Development of Character Strengths among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals
Antebi‐Gruszka, N. (2016) · doi:10.7916/d8kp82df · Cited by 2
Using Compassionate Language: Faking It with Others or Directing It toward Oneself
Porter, D. (2017) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Sessions, Practices, and the Therapeutic Process
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0006
The Centrality of Character Strengths and How to Use Them in Positive Psychotherapy
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0004
Positive Interventions and Theoretical Assumptions
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0002
Resource Activation: Bringing Values into the Flesh
Hauke, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92889-0_13
Confronting Betrayal Experience and Time Perspective: Linguistic Analyses of Narrations About Thematic Apperception Card*
Sobol, M., Meisner, M., & Przepiórka, A. (2019) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2019.1632760
What Should’ve, Could’ve, Would’ve Been: Affective, Motivational, and Behavioral Consequences of Counterfactual Thinking In Interpersonal Contexts
Wang, M. M. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Resolving Distressing Autobiographical Memories: The Role of Perspective in Imagery, Writing, and Self-Reflection
Boucher, C. M. (2019) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)
Neurobiological Effects of Context on Emotion Regulation
Shermohammed, M. (2019) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Experiential self-focus as a facilitator of processing interpersonal hurt and as a buffer in the relationship between anger rumination and psychological outcomes
Liao, K. Y. (2008) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-16567
The Effect of Self-Immersing and Self-Distancing on Late School-Aged Children’s Emotional Reactivity: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Self-Reflection
Lee, H., & Lim, J.-Y. (2019) · 한국가정관리학회지 · doi:10.7466/jkhma.2019.37.4.99
Linguistic Context Sensitivity as a Predictor of Prolonged Grief Symptoms
Stolove, C. A. (2019) · doi:10.7916/d8-az2p-5611
Brief Strategies for Strengthening Emotional Regulation
Macklem, G. L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65695-9_7
WITHDRAWN: Stressor reflections and elite athlete psychological well-being and ill-being: An experimental test of self-distancing
Murdoch, E. M., Ayers, J., Crane, M. F., Ntoumanis, N., Brade, C. J., Quested, E., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2021) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101922
Retracted
The Scale of Accurate Personality Prediction (SAPP): Predicting Low, Medium, or High SAPP Scores from the 16PF Primary and Global Factors
Reeder, C. K. (2020)
A Corpus Linguistic Study of 12-Step Program LiteraturePreprint
O’Hara, M. A., & Dykeman, C. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rt5n7
Te Ahunganui : te Apounga : a gathering together of important elements (including spiritual elements) of growth and ideas for emotional sustenance.
Solomon, K. (2021) · University of Canterbury Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/11476
Depressives Grübeln: Konsequenzen, Theorie und Behandlung
Teismann, T., Hanning, S., von Brachel, R., & Willutzki, U. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-50516-8_1
Session Fifteen: Meaning and Purpose
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0021
Session Eleven: Slowness and Savoring
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0017
Joining the How and the Why to Combat Rumination: A Novel Intervention Strategy
Gorlin, E. I. (2015) · doi:10.18130/v3zw2q
Session Six: Forgiveness
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0012
Session Four: A Better Version of Me
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0010
Session Three: Practical Wisdom
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0009
Session Five: Open and Closed Memories
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0011
Session Ten: Posttraumatic Growth
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0016
Stepping back to see what matters: Psychological distance reduces diagnosticity neglect in social comparisonPreprint
Yudkin, D. A. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/h6dpw
Session Two: Character Strengths and Signature Strengths
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0008
Session Twelve: Positive Relationships
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0018
Session Nine: Hope and Optimism
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0015
Session Seven: Maximizing versus Satisficing
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0013
Session Fourteen: Altruism
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0020
Session Eight: Gratitude
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0014
Session Thirteen: Positive Communication
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.003.0019
Bibliography
Port, M. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9781118257975.biblio
Life’s Ups and Downs: Expressive Writing and Health Outcomes
Patwardhan, N., & Kulkarni, M. (2023) · Psychologische Studien · doi:10.1007/s12646-022-00701-7 · Cited by 1
The Impact of Wisdom and Courage on Presencing and Absencing at Work: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness
Rant, M. B. (2023) · Economic and business review · doi:10.15458/2335-4216.1318
Broaden-and-Build Cycles of Attachment Security in Therapy: Antecedents, Consequences, and Trajectory of Therapeutic ExplorationPreprint
Cherniak, A. D. (2023) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/qvrt9
РОЛЬ ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СПРИЙНЯТТЯ «СПОСТЕРІГАЧ» СПОГАДІВ АВТОБІОГРАФІЧНОЇ ПАМ’ЯТІ У ФОРМУВАННІ РЕЗИЛЬЄНТНОСТІ ОСОБИСТОСТІ ПІСЛЯ ПОДІЙ, ЯКІ ТРАВМУЮТЬ( ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ НАСЛІДКИ ВІЙНИ)
Болотова, О. М. (2023) · Перспективи та інновації науки · doi:10.52058/2786-4952-2023-12(30)-579-596
The Interaction between Construal Level and Emotion
管, 雪. (2023) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2023.139474
Influence of Disclosure Topic and Linguistic Perspective on Expressive Writing
Jacques, T., Azzam, A. P., Costa, F., & Alves, R. A. (2023) · Literacy studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36472-3_19 · Cited by 1
PSYCHIATRY IN THE BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL RESEARCH PARADIGM AS OPTION FOR ENDURING AND SUSTAINABLE CHANGE IN A TIME OF CHRONIC CRISIS
Löffler‐Stastka, H. (2023) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2023.295 · Cited by 1
A cross-cultural look at the role of rumination in the relationship between trait anxiety and romantic breakup distress
Arana, F., Rice, K. G., & Aiello, M. (2023) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100376 · Cited by 3
Power of Discernment: When and How to Use Why Questions as Clarifying Skills
Leung, C. (2024) · Studies in Clinical Social Work Transforming Practice Education and Research · doi:10.1080/28376811.2024.2421257
Research on self-distancing: A review from a cultural psychology perspective
Cui, Q., & Ishii, K. (2024) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.2405
Current trends and future perspectives in anger regulation strategies: A systematic review of experimental studies
Kanaya, Y., & Kawai, N. (2025) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.96.23402
Development and validation of a measure of concrete and abstract thinking
Lorenz, H., Beierl, E. T., Tyson, G., & Wild, J. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320009
Relaxation #amp; Mindfulness Practices
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0001
Building Your Strengths
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0004
Forms #amp; Worksheets
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0005
Online Appendix of Positive Clinical Psychology Resources
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0006
Gratitude Journal
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.005.0002
Preface
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0007
Copyright Page
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0003
Dedication
Rashid, T., & Seligman, M. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780195325386.002.0006
Preemptive Buffering: Attachment Figure Representations Lessen the Affective Sting of Internally Generated Threats by Increasing Positive Affect
Vivian Zayas, A., Strycharz, S., & Ni, M. (2025) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.70011
Altercentrism and a change in perspective on the self: The relationships of visuospatial perspective-taking with rumination and mindfulness
Conson, M., Zappullo, I., Cecere, R., de Schotten, M. T., Lauro, A., Senese, V. P., Piscitelli, G., Cardillo, V., & Trojano, L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316060
Embracing solitude: Examining the efficacy of a solitude skills intervention for well-being
Thomas, V., Hay, L., Näsi, E., Kelly, A. C., Hahn, L. G., Kearney, C. N., Mei, K. X., & Pepper, J. (2025) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2025.101893
Kurze Strategien zur Stärkung der Emotionsregulation
Macklem, G. L. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07436-2_7
Deep Impact: How Rumination About Martial Law Depletes Personal Resources and Reduces Mastery Experiences
Yun, M., & Kwak, J. (2025) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2025.2588243
Perspective Taking and Moral Evaluation: Themes from Adam Smith
Herold, W. A. (2014) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Regulating emotional memories: The role of self-distancing across basic and self-conscious emotions
Dilek, S. (2026) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.57127/kpd.26024438.1745244
Network analysis of emotion regulation and moral injury symptoms among medical staff
Zhou, Y., Zhu, W., Wang, J., Li, K., Zhi, R., Zhao, L., Hao, L., Han, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Q., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-35438-0
“Those conversations are extremely vivid in my mind some 40+ years later. They haunt me.” investigating reconstrual, final conversations, and posttraumatic growth in a military context
Tenzek, K. E., Lee, D., Lattimer, T. A., Lapan, E., & Mackenzie, L. (2026) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2026.2626556
Mnemonic mechanisms of emotion regulation: the role of retrieval perspective in managing anger and shame
Öner, S., Çağlar, E. Ş., Dönerkayalı, C., KURTOĞLU, Z. N., & Sarıçiçek, F. Ç. (2026) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2026.2638236
Hearing what we would like to hear: The prima facie view of indirect self‐talk
Rivadulla-Duró, A. (2026) · Mind & Language · doi:10.1111/mila.70020
Parental attachment and relational rumination among young adults: the mediating role of friendship quality and conflict resolution styles
Parvathy, A., Lakshmi, P. S., Kanth, B., Dilsha, M. K., Shikhila, T., & Midhila, R. (2026) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2026.2641577
Les effets opposés de la distance psychologique sur les réponses du consommateur envers les produits hédoniques : le rôle modérateur du besoin de justification
Alaoui, M. D. (2018) · doi:10.70675/6d025a04zcb4dz498fz86e7zae8b09ddba92
La thérapie Intégration du Cycle de Vie (ICV-LI) : Étude exploratoire des processus de changement et de la réappropriation de soi chez des sujets à haut potentiel intellectuel
Richet, A. B. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/43b17aa5z8d39z4f49zbdbez63c762b28b8c
Prévenir la Dépression par la Méditation Déconstructive Bouddhiste : le rôle du Soi Décentré dans l'abaissement des Schémas Dépressogènes et de la Menace Identitaire
Stinus, C. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3dc311bdzd9d5z4f77zb502z150c3762d5b8
‘I Know I Can Do the Job, It’s Just Putting It Down’: Using Personas as a Mirror to Identify Strengths
Hui, J. S., Filipof, M. E., Lee, S., Corvite, S., Naseem, M., & Dillahunt, T. R. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790914
Effects of Embodied Self-Distancing in Virtual Environments on Group Decision-Making
Ichino, J., Ide, M., Yokoyama, H., Asano, H., Miyachi, H., & Okabe, D. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3791367
Hypoegoic States
Leary, M. R., & Diebels, K. J. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-238-820251003
Attentional bias to situational and implicational information and individual differences in anxiety reactivity and perseveration
Sophia, M., Dondzilo, L., Mazidi, M., MacLeod, C., & Notebaert, L. (2026) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2026.2683904

Authors: Kross, E., Ayduk, O., & Mischel, W.
Affiliations: Columbia University (US)
University of California, Berkeley
ORCID: Kross, Ethan
Venue: Psychological Science
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-09
Volume: 16
Issue: 9
Pages: 709-715
ISSN: 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
1467-9280
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01600.x
OpenAlex: W2100543830
Cited by: 603
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 13.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH39349)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: rumination, reflective processing, negative emotions, emotional focus, anger, interpersonal conflict, unresolved conflicts, emotion regulation, working through
MeSH terms: Adult, Affect, Anger, Conflict, Psychological, Female, Humans, Male, Self Concept

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

When Asking “Why” Does Not Hurt Distinguishing Rumination From Reflective Processing of Negative Emotions

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks