The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Burden of Knowledge and the “Death of the Renaissance Man”: Is Innovation Getting Harder?
Abstract
This paper investigates a possibly fundamental aspect of technological progress. If knowledge accumulates as technology advances, then successive generations of innovators may face an increasing educational burden. Innovators can compensate through lengthening educational phases and narrowing expertise, but these responses come at the cost of reducing individual innovative capacities, with implications for the organization of innovative activity—a greater reliance on teamwork—and negative implications for growth. Building on this “burden of knowledge” mechanism, this paper first presents six facts about innovator behaviour. I show that age at first invention, specialization, and teamwork increase over time in a large micro-data set of inventors. Furthermore, in cross-section, specialization and teamwork appear greater in deeper areas of knowledge, while, surprisingly, age at first invention shows little variation across fields. A model then demonstrates how these facts can emerge in tandem. The theory further develops explicit implications for economic growth, providing an explanation for why productivity growth rates did not accelerate through the 20th century despite an enormous expansion in collective research effort. Upward trends in academic collaboration and lengthening doctorates, which have been noted in other research, can also be explained in this framework. The knowledge burden mechanism suggests that the nature of innovation is changing, with negative implications…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“By dramatically reducing the cost of drafting, synthesizing, and revising complex text, LLMs may help scientists articulate ideas more clearly, navigate the growing burden of knowledge, and explore unfamiliar domains more efficiently (28, 29).”
From The rise of large language models and the direction and impact of US federal research funding (2026) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition
Kuhn, T. S., & Hacking, I. (2012) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226458144.001.0001 · Cited by 21,170
Endogenous Technological Change
Romer, P. M. (1990) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261725 · Cited by 17,711
Endogenous Technological Change
Romer, P. (1989) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w3210 · Cited by 13,312
Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention
Arrow, K. J. (1962) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400879762-024 · Cited by 8,891
“A Model of Growth: Through Creative Destruction”
Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. (1992) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2951599 · Cited by 7,529
A Model of Growth Through Creative Destruction
Aghion, P., & Howitt, P. W. (1990) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w3223 · Cited by 5,670
The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge
Wuchty, S., Jones, B. F., & Uzzi, B. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1136099 · Cited by 3,615
Self-citationThe NBER Patent Citation Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools
Hall, B. H., Jaffe, A. B., & Trajtenberg, M. (2001) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8498 · Cited by 3,450
R & D-Based Models of Economic Growth
Jones, C. I. (1995) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/262002 · Cited by 3,059
The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings
Ben-Porath, Y. (1967) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/259291 · Cited by 2,646
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- BARRO, 1995, Economic Growth
- EVENSON, 1991, Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy, 233
- KORTUM, 1993, “Equilibrium R&D and the Decline in the Patent-R&D Ratio: U.S. Evidence”, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 83, 450
- KUHN, 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 1990, On Time to the Doctorate: A Study of the Lengthening Time to Completion for Doctorates in Science and Engineering
- TILGHMAN, 1998, Trends in the Early Careers of Life Sciences
- ZUCKERMAN, 1973, The Sociology of Science, 497
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 997
Health technology assessment with risk aversion in health
Lakdawalla, D. N., & Phelps, C. E. (2020) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102346 · Cited by 95
Haeussler, C., & Sauermann, H. (2012) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.009 · Cited by 93
Chan, J., & Schunn, C. D. (2014) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12127 · Cited by 95
Quantity or quality? Knowledge alliances and their effects on patenting
Hottenrott, H., & Lopes-Bento, C. (2015) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtu019 · Cited by 106
Rise of multi-authored papers in economics: Demise of the ‘lone star’ and why?
Kuld, L., & O’Hagan, J. W. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2588-3 · Cited by 92
The Impact of Covid-19 on Productivity
Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Mizen, P., Smietanka, P., & Thwaites, G. (2020) · Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01298 · Cited by 141
Antonelli, C., Crespi, F., & Quatraro, F. (2020) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.104081 · Cited by 95
How stars matter: Recruiting and peer effects in evolutionary biology
Agrawal, A. K., McHale, J., & Oettl, A. (2017) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.02.007 · Cited by 89
Nagle, F., & Teodoridis, F. (2019) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3091 · Cited by 87
The fall of the innovation empire and its possible rise through open science
Gold, E. R. (2021) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104226 · Cited by 95
Toward a more scientific science
Azoulay, P., Zivin, J. G., Uzzi, B., Wang, D., Williams, H., Evans, J. A., Jin, G. Z., Lu, S. F., Jones, B. F., Börner, K., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav2484 · Cited by 89
Self-citationSTEM Careers and the Changing Skill Requirements of Work
Deming, D. J., & Noray, K. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25065 · Cited by 92
Temporary colocation and collaborative discovery: Who confers at conferences
Chai, S., & Freeman, R. B. (2019) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3062 · Cited by 83
Bercovitz, J. E. L., & Tyler, B. B. (2014) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2014.0917 · Cited by 83
Engineering Value: The Returns to Technological Talent and Investments in Artificial IntelligencePreprint
Rock, D. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3427412 · Cited by 87
The Renaissance Man is not dead! The role of generalists in teams of inventors
Melero, E., & Palomeras, N. (2014) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.07.005 · Cited by 83
Scientific production in the era of large language models
Kusumegi, K., Yang, X., Ginsparg, P., de Vaan, M., Stuart, T., & Yin, Y. (2025) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adw3000 · Cited by 83
Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import
Muehlhauser, L., & Salamon, A. (2012) · The frontiers collection · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32560-1_2 · Cited by 84
Finding Needles in Haystacks: Artificial Intelligence and Recombinant Growth
Agrawal, A., McHale, J., & Oettl, A. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24541 · Cited by 84
Quantifying the dynamics of failure across science, startups and security
Yin, Y., Wang, Y., Evans, J. A., & Wang, D. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1725-y · Cited by 86
Lane, J. N., Ganguli, I., Gaulé, P., Guinan, E. C., & Lakhani, K. R. (2019) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3256 · Cited by 85
Understanding the onset of hot streaks across artistic, cultural, and scientific careers
Liu, L., Dehmamy, N., Chown, J., Giles, C. L., & Wang, D. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25477-8 · Cited by 81
A dataset of publication records for Nobel laureates
Li, J., Yin, Y., Fortunato, S., & Wang, D. (2019) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-019-0033-6 · Cited by 85
And the credit goes to … - Ghost and honorary authorship among social scientists
Pruschak, G., & Hopp, C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267312 · Cited by 84
Andrews, M. (2023) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20200320 · Cited by 79
Lee, C.-Y., Wu, H.-L., & Pao, H.-W. (2014) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2014.05.003 · Cited by 87
Countries' research priorities in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals
Confraria, H., Ciarli, T., & Noyons, E. (2024) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2023.104950 · Cited by 86
Chan, J., Chang, J. C., Hope, T., Shahaf, D., & Kittur, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274300 · Cited by 75
Organizing for innovation: A contingency view on innovative team configuration
Vakili, K., & Kaplan, S. (2020) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3264 · Cited by 77
The Dynamics of Knowledge Diversity and Economic Growth
Berliant, M., & Fujita, M. (2011) · Southern Economic Journal · doi:10.4284/0038-4038-77.4.856 · Cited by 74
Team Production in International Labor Markets: Experimental Evidence from the Field
Lyons, E. (2017) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20160179 · Cited by 64
The Knowledge Trap: Human Capital and Development Reconsidered
Jones, B. F. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14138 · Cited by 74
Self-citationThe value of complementary co-workers
Neffke, F. M. H. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax3370 · Cited by 73
A Calculation of the Social Returns to Innovation
Jones, B., & Summers, L. H. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.3386/w27863 · Cited by 65
Self-citationThe impact of geographical distance on learning through collaboration
van der Wouden, F., & Youn, H. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104698 · Cited by 84
Just another niche in the wall? How specialization is changing the face of mainstream economics
Cedrini, M. A., & Fontana, M. (2017) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bex003 · Cited by 75
Lissoni, F., Montobbio, F., & Zirulia, L. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.08.016 · Cited by 71
Conti, A., & Liu, C. C. (2015) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.001 · Cited by 71
Artificial intelligence: neither Utopian nor apocalyptic impacts soon
Naudé, W. A. (2020) · Economics of Innovation and New Technology · doi:10.1080/10438599.2020.1839173 · Cited by 77
Are Inventors or Firms the Engines of Innovation?
Bhaskarabhatla, A., Cabral, L., Hegde, D., & Peeters, T. L. P. R. (2020) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2020.3646 · Cited by 67
Lünich, M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36368-0 · Cited by 68
Network dynamics in collaborative research in the EU, 2003–2017
Balland, P., Boschma, R. A., & Ravet, J. (2019) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2019.1641187 · Cited by 66
Bye Bye Ms. American Sci: Women and the Leaky Stem Pipeline
Speer, J. D. (2021) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102371 · Cited by 66
On Styles in Product Design: An Analysis of U.S. Design Patents
Chan, T. H., Mihm, J., & Sosa, M. E. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2653 · Cited by 66
Knowledge transfer in academia: an exploratory study on the Not-Invented-Here Syndrome
Kathoefer, D. G., & Leker, J. (2010) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-010-9204-5 · Cited by 65
Authorship Norms and Project Structures in Science
Jabbehdari, S., & Walsh, J. P. (2017) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243917697192 · Cited by 64
Reprint of The new paradigm of economic complexity
Balland, P., Broekel, T., Diodato, D., Giuliani, E., Hausmann, R., O’Clery, N., & Rigby, D. L. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104568 · Cited by 68
Made in Academia: The Effect of Institutional Origin on Inventors’ Attention to Science
Bikard, M. A. (2018) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2018.1206 · Cited by 66
Psychological origins of the Industrial Revolution
Baumard, N. (2018) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1800211x · Cited by 66
Decoding team and individual impact in science and invention
Ahmadpoor, M., & Jones, B. F. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1812341116 · Cited by 60
Self-citationBalland, P., & Boschma, R. A. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104594 · Cited by 65
Highly skilled and well connected: Migrant inventors in cross-border M&As
Useche, D., Miguélez, E., & Lissoni, F. (2019) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/s41267-018-0203-3 · Cited by 63
Disclosure or secrecy? The dynamics of Open Science
Mukherjee, A., & Stern, S. (2008) · International Journal of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/j.ijindorg.2008.11.005 · Cited by 61
Kim, K., Kogler, D., & Maliphol, S. (2024) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-024-03044-y · Cited by 69
Network proximity in the geography of research collaboration
Bergé, L. R. (2016) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/pirs.12218 · Cited by 59
The Superstar Inventors and Entrepreneurs: How Were They Educated?
Baumöl, W. J., Schilling, M. A., & Wolff, E. N. (2009) · Journal of Economics & Management Strategy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00227.x · Cited by 62
International research networks: Determinants of country embeddedness
Graf, H., & Kalthaus, M. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.001 · Cited by 67
An organizational perspective to funding science: Collaborator novelty at DARPA
Colatat, P. (2015) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.01.005 · Cited by 59
The role of high-skilled foreign labor in startup performance: Evidence from two natural experiments
Chen, J., Hshieh, S., & Zhang, F. (2021) · Journal of Financial Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2021.05.042 · Cited by 58
Singh, A., Triulzi, G., & Magee, C. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104294 · Cited by 55
Breakthrough recognition: Bias against novelty and competition for attention
Chai, S., & Menon, A. R. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.11.006 · Cited by 60
Changes in the demographics of American inventors, 1870–1940
Sarada, S., Andrews, M. J., & Ziebarth, N. L. (2019) · Explorations in economic history (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2019.05.003 · Cited by 27
The social and scientific temporal correlates of genotypic intelligence and the Flynn effect
Menie, M. A. W. O. (2012) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2011.12.002 · Cited by 57
Battiston, F., Musciotto, F., Wang, D., Barabási, A.-Ĺ., Szell, M., & Sinatra, R. (2018) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-018-0005-3 · Cited by 56
Science and the Market for Technology
Arora, A., Sharon Belenzon, Y., & Suh, J. (2022) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2021.4268 · Cited by 57
Organizing Knowledge Production Teams Within Firms for Innovation
Aggarwal, V. A., Hsu, D. H., & Wu, A. (2019) · Strategy Science · doi:10.1287/stsc.2019.0095 · Cited by 58
Foreign inventors in Europe and the United States: Diversity and Patent Quality
Ferrucci, E., & Lissoni, F. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2019.03.019 · Cited by 57
Why the US science and engineering workforce is aging rapidly
Blau, D. M., & Weinberg, B. A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1611748114 · Cited by 56
Pathogenic organization in science: Division of labor and retractions
Walsh, J. P., Lee, Y.-N., & Tang, L. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.09.004 · Cited by 56
Combination of research questions and methods: A new measurement of scientific novelty
Luo, Z., Lu, W. P., He, J., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2022.101282 · Cited by 65
An examination of research data sharing and re-use: implications for data citation practice
Park, H., & Wolfram, D. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2240-2 · Cited by 54
Whalen, R. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.04.017 · Cited by 54
Data deprivations, data gaps and digital divides: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
Naudé, W. A., & Vinuesa, R. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211025545 · Cited by 54
Impactful scientists have higher tendency to involve collaborators in new topics
Zeng, A., Fan, Y., Di, Z., Wang, Y., & Havlin, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207436119 · Cited by 62
Schillebeeckx, S. J. D., Chaturvedi, S., George, G., & King, Z. (2015) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.2396 · Cited by 54
Awards before and after the Nobel Prize: A Matthew effect and/or a ticket to one's own funeral?
Chan, H. F., Gleeson, L., & Torgler, B. (2014) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvu011 · Cited by 53
Understanding the Changing Structure of Scientific Inquiry
Agrawal, A. K., Avi Goldfarb, B., & Teodoridis, F. (2015) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20140135 · Cited by 53
Does Science Advance One Funeral at a Time?
Azoulay, P., Fons‐Rosen, C., & Zivin, J. G. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21788 · Cited by 59
American Universities in a Global Market
BLACK, G. C., & Stephan, P. E. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 53
As Science Evolves, How Can Science Policy?
Jones, B. F. (2011) · Innovation Policy and the Economy · doi:10.1086/655820 · Cited by 52
Self-citationThe cognitive underpinnings of effective teamwork: a continuation
Mesmer‐Magnus, J., Niler, A. A., Plummer, G., Larson, L., & DeChurch, L. A. (2017) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-08-2017-0140 · Cited by 62
AI technology application and employee responsibility
Wang, J., Xing, Z., & Zhang, R. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01843-3 · Cited by 61
The Rise of International Coinvention
Branstetter, L., Li, G., & Veloso, F. M. (2015) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226286860.003.0006 · Cited by 51
Crowdsourcing research questions in science
Beck, S., Brasseur, T.-M., Poetz, M. K., & Sauermann, H. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104491 · Cited by 49
Hohberger, J. (2016) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2015.12.003 · Cited by 50
Guilt by association: How scientific misconduct harms prior collaborators
Hussinger, K., & Pellens, M. (2019) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.01.012 · Cited by 49
Mukherjee, S., Uzzi, B., Jones, B. F., & Stringer, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/jpim.12294 · Cited by 49
Self-citationNear Misses in the Breakthrough Discovery Process
Chai, S. (2017) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2017.1134 · Cited by 49
Nishimura, J., & Okamuro, H. (2018) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.02.007 · Cited by 47
Innovation: market failures and public policies
Bryan, K. A., & Williams, H. (2021) · Handbook of Industrial Organization · doi:10.1016/bs.hesind.2021.11.013 · Cited by 50
Invention and the life course: Age differences in patenting
Kaltenberg, M., Jaffe, A. B., & Lachman, M. E. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104629 · Cited by 47
A microfoundation for normalized CES production functions with factor-augmenting technical change
Growiec, J. (2013) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2013.06.006 · Cited by 46
Ooms, W., Werker, C., & Hopp, C. (2018) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2018.1434617 · Cited by 50
Ali, A. H., & Gittelman, M. (2016) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.015 · Cited by 52
The Reverse Matthew Effect: Consequences of Retraction in Scientific Teams
Jin, G. Z., Jones, B., Lu, S. F., & Uzzi, B. (2019) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00780 · Cited by 41
Self-citationvan der Wouden, F. (2019) · Industrial and Corporate Change · doi:10.1093/icc/dtz058 · Cited by 45
Li, K., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · doi:10.1017/s0022109022000503 · Cited by 21
Immigration and the Rise of American Ingenuity
Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23137 · Cited by 45
Team Size, Research Variety, and Research Performance: Do Coauthors’ Coauthors Matter?
Zhu, N., Liu, C., & Yang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2021.101205 · Cited by 48
Subway, Collaborative Matching, and Innovation
Koh, Y., Li, J., & Xu, J. (2022) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_01279 · Cited by 42
Metadata
- Authors
- JONES, B. F.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- JONES, BENJAMIN F.
- ORCID
- JONES, BENJAMIN F.
- Venue
- Review of Economic Studies
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 283-317
- ISSN
- 0034-6527 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-937X
- OpenAlex
- W3124253902
- Cited by
- 1,058
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 107 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 72 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 42.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Review of Economic Studies (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Technological Innovation
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Firm Innovation and Growth
- Keywords
- technological progress, innovators, specialization, teamwork, educational burden, economic growth, productivity growth, research collaboration
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
