The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multilevel Models for Longitudinal Data
Open accessAbstract
Summary Repeated measures and repeated events data have a hierarchical structure which can be analysed by using multilevel models. A growth curve model is an example of a multilevel random-coefficients model, whereas a discrete time event history model for recurrent events can be fitted as a multilevel logistic regression model. The paper describes extensions to the basic growth curve model to handle auto-correlated residuals, multiple-indicator latent variables and correlated growth processes, and event history models for correlated event processes. The multilevel approach to the analysis of repeated measures data is contrasted with structural equation modelling. The methods are illustrated in analyses of children’s growth, changes in social and political attitudes, and the interrelationship between partnership transitions and childbearing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the special case where an exposure is measured repeatedly over the life course, multilevel models could be used to overcome the problems caused by irregularly sampled measures, or missing measures, by estimating the exposure at common time points for all participants.22”
From A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life course (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This has the further benefit of reducing measurement error in the exposure.”
From A structured approach to hypotheses involving continuous exposures over the life course (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647
Random-Effects Models for Longitudinal Data
Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529876 · Cited by 8,923
Everitt, B. S. (2001) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605542-11 · Cited by 6,877
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Schafer, J. L. (1997) · doi:10.1201/9781439821862 · Cited by 6,012
Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data
Booth, D. E., & Schafer, J. L. (2000) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271466 · Cited by 5,627
Goldstein, H. (2006) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2006.s417 · Cited by 4,960
Diggle, P. J., Heagerty, P. J., Liang, K., & Zeger, S. L. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198524847.001.0001 · Cited by 3,388
Gill, J. (2005) · Encyclopedia of Social Measurement · doi:10.1016/b0-12-369398-5/00166-3 · Cited by 3,126
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling
Skrondal, A., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2004) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780203489437 · Cited by 2,299
Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories
Allison, P. D. (1982) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/270718 · Cited by 2,080
Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2005) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/0471746096 · Cited by 1,824
(1996) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 1,733
Generalized Latent Variable Modeling: Multilevel, Longitudinal, and Structural Equation Models
Skrondal, A., & Rabe‐Hesketh, S. (2004) · Thammasat University Digital Collections · Cited by 1,505
Advanced Structural Equation Modeling
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315827414 · Cited by 1,343
Multilevel Covariance Structure Analysis
Muthén, B. (1994) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124194022003006 · Cited by 1,223
Latent Curve Models: A Structural Equation Perspective
Horan, P. M. (2006) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610603500650 · Cited by 1,214
Latent Variable Modeling in Heterogeneous Populations
Muthén, B. (1989) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02296397 · Cited by 1,008
Sociological Methodology 1980.
Carter, L. F., & SCHUESSLER, K. F. (1981) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066948 · Cited by 904
Generalized Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling
Rabe‐Hesketh, S., Skrondal, A., & Pickles, A. R. (2004) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02295939 · Cited by 833
Maydeu‐Olivares, A., & McArdle, J. J. (2005) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410612977 · Cited by 828
StataCorp (2011) · Stata Press/StataCorp eBooks · Cited by 745
Roberts, J. K. (2007) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosh029 · Cited by 579
Autoregressive Latent Trajectory (ALT) Models A Synthesis of Two Traditions
Bollen, K. A., & Curran, P. J. (2004) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124103260222 · Cited by 447 · cited 2×
“(See Bollen and Curran (2004) for further details and a discussion of model identification.”
BackgroundHave Multilevel Models Been Structural Equation Models All Along?
Curran, P. J. (2003) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3804_5 · Cited by 384
Computational Strategies for Multivariate Linear Mixed-Effects Models With Missing Values
Schafer, J. L., & Yucel, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics · doi:10.1198/106186002760180608 · Cited by 381
10. Latent Variable Modeling of Longitudinal and Multilevel Data
Muthén, B. (1997) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.1111/1467-9531.271034 · Cited by 341
A Joint Model of Marital Childbearing and Marital Disruption
Lillard, L. A., & Waite, L. J. (1993) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061812 · Cited by 293
Multilevel time series models with applications to repeated measures data
Goldstein, H., Healy, M. J. R., & Rasbash, J. (1994) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780131605 · Cited by 287
Multilevel Statistical Models, 3rd edn
Ravi, S. (2004) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2004.00347_5.x · Cited by 153
The relationship between childbearing and transitions from marriage and cohabitation in Britain
Steele, F., Kallis, C., Goldstein, H., & Joshi, H. E. (2005) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2005.0038 · Cited by 146
Balanced versus unbalanced designs for linear structural relations in two‐level data
McDonald, R. P., & Goldstein, H. (1989) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1989.tb00911.x · Cited by 144
Steele, F., Goldstein, H., & Browne, W. J. (2004) · Statistical Modelling · doi:10.1191/1471082x04st069oa · Cited by 133
Steele, F., Diamond, I. D., & Wang, D. (1996) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061710 · Cited by 86
Goldstein, H., Bonnet, G., & Rocher, T. (2007) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998606298042 · Cited by 68
A Multilevel Factor Model for Mixed Binary and Ordinal Indicators of Women's Status
Steele, F., & Goldstein, H. (2006) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124106289112 · Cited by 28
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Allison, 1982, Sociological Methodology, 61
- Browne, 2004, MCMC Estimation in MLwiN
- Carpenter, 2004, Multiple imputation in MLwiN, Multilev. Modllng Newslett., 16, 9
- Rasbash, 2004, A User’s Guide to MLwiN, v2.0
- Shepherd, 1997, The National Child Development Study: an Introduction to the Origins of the Study and the Methods of Data Collection
- Spiegelhalter, 2000, WinBUGS Version 1.3 User Manual
- UK Data Archive, 2004, ESDS longitudinal, British Household Panel Survey; waves 1-11, 1991-2002: teaching dataset (social and political attitudes)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fixed and random effects models: making an informed choice
Bell, A., Fairbrother, M., & Jones, K. (2019) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0802-x · Cited by 1,085
The Great Recession and Fertility in Europe: A Sub-national Analysis
Matysiak, A., Sobotka, T., & Vignoli, D. (2021) · European Journal of Population · doi:10.1007/s10680-020-09556-y · Cited by 242
Howe, L., Tilling, K., Matijasevich, A., Petherick, E., Santos, A., Fairley, L., Wright, J., Santos, I., Barros, A., Martin, R. M., et al. (2013) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280213503925 · Cited by 193
Aging and Subjective Well-Being in Later Life
Jivraj, S., Nazroo, J. Y., Vanhoutte, B., & Chandola, T. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu006 · Cited by 215
Identifying Critical Points of Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms from Childhood to Young Adulthood
Kwong, A. S. F., Manley, D., Timpson, N. J., Pearson, R. M., Heron, J., Sallis, H., Stergiakouli, E., Davis, O. S. P., & Leckie, G. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0976-5 · Cited by 193
Metadata
- Authors
- Steele, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Steele, Fiona
- Venue
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society)
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-10-29
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 5-19
- ISSN
- 0964-1998 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-985X
- OpenAlex
- W2104023838
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E00234X/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Agriculture, Soil, Plant Science
- Keywords
- multilevel models, longitudinal data, repeated measures, growth curve models, random coefficient models, event history models, recurrent events, multilevel logistic regression, autocorrelated residuals, structural equation modeling, child growth, attitude change, childbearing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
