Environmental Influence on Language Acquisition: Comparing Second and Foreign Language Acquisition of Swedish
Abstract
This article explores the influence of the learning environment on the second language acquisition of Swedish. Data were collected longitudinally over 1 year from 35 university students studying Swedish in Malmö, Sweden, and in Melbourne, Australia. Three areas were investigated: grammar, pragmatics, and lexicon. The development of grammar was analyzed within the framework of Processability Theory (Pienemann, 1998, 2005). For the pragmatic analysis, the learners’ production in a gap-filling task was measured against answers from 100 native speakers. A scoring system was devised to enable comparisons between learners and native speakers. The lexical analysis was based on a word association test. The results show that the grammar developed similarly in the two groups, whereas differences between the groups were found in pragmatics and lexicon. This variation is explained by differences in target language exposure.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Instruction has failed to alter developmental sequences.
“as has the failure of instruction to alter them (R. Ellis, 1989;Håkansson & Norrby, 2010;Mackey, 1999;Pienemann, 1984).”
From In Defense of Tasks and TBLT: Nonissues and Real Issues (2016) · cites this paper as Håkansson & Norrby, 2010
Cites
Learning Vocabulary in Another Language
Nation, I. S. P. (2001) · Cambridge University Press · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139524759 · Cited by 6,608 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
In Defense of Tasks and TBLT: Nonissues and Real Issues
Long, M. H. (2016) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190515000057 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
- Authors
- Håkansson, G., & Norrby, C.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Håkansson, Gisela
- Venue
- Language Learning
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-02
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 628-650
- ISSN
- 0023-8333 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9922
- OpenAlex
- W1882092492
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Language Learning (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Linguistics and Language Analysis
- Keywords
- second language acquisition, foreign language acquisition, Swedish as a second language, learning environment, target language exposure, grammatical development, pragmatics, vocabulary, word association, gap-filling task, processability theory, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
