The free-standing company, 1870-1914: an important type of British foreign direct investment
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Free-standing firms, which do not trade in their headquarters country, are not so common today as they were in the nineteenth century.
“Some forms of MNE, such as free-standing firms, which do not trade in their headquarters country, are not so common today as they were in the nineteenth-century (Wilkins, 1988).”
From The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future (2020) · cites this paper as Wilkins, 1988
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Doh, J. P., Teegen, H., & Mudambi, R. (2004) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400082 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future
Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (2020) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/1467-8551.12344 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wilkins, M.
- Corresponding author
- Wilkins, Mira
- Venue
- The Economic History Review
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1988-05
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 259
- ISSN
- 0013-0117 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4242554026
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Economic History Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Historical Economic and Social Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Corporate Finance and Governance
- Keywords
- colonial companies, British imperialism, colonial finance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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