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Cited by 109Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFace Recognition and PerceptionChild and Animal Learning Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder

Kylliäinen, Anneli, Wallace, Simon, Coutanche, Marc N., Leppänen, Jukka M., Cusack, James, Bailey, Anthony J., Hietanen, Jari K.·2012·Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02522.x
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Abstract

Background: It is unclear why children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) tend to be inattentive to, or even avoid eye contact. The goal of this study was to investigate affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with ASD. To this end, we combined two measurements: skin conductance responses (SCR), a robust arousal measure, and asymmetry in frontal electroencephalography (EEG) activity which is associated with motivational approach and avoidance tendencies. We also explored whether degree of eye openness and face familiarity modulated these responses. Methods: Skin conductance responses and frontal EEG activity were recorded from 14 children with ASD and 15 typically developing children whilst they looked at familiar and unfamiliar faces with eyes shut, normally open or wide‐open. Stimuli were presented in such a way that they appeared to be looming towards the children. Results: In typically developing children, there were no significant differences in SCRs between the different eye conditions, whereas in the ASD group the SCRs were attenuated to faces with closed eyes and increased as a function of the degree of eye openness. In both groups, familiar faces elicited marginally greater SCRs than unfamiliar faces. In typically developing children, normally open eyes elicited greater relative left‐sided frontal EEG activity (associated with motivational approach) than shut eyes and wide‐open eyes. In the ASD group, there were no significant differences between the gaze conditions in frontal EEG activity. Conclusions: Collectively, the results replicate previous finding in showing atypical modulation of arousal in response to direct gaze in children with ASD but do not support the assumption that this response is associated with an avoidant motivational tendency. Instead, children with ASD may lack normative approach‐related motivational response to eye contact.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02522.x

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  1. Davidson R.J., 1984, Emotion, cognition, and behaviour, 320
  2. Davidson R.J., 1995, Brain asymmetry, 361
  3. Lord C., 2002, Autism diagnostic observation schedule: ADOS: Manual
  4. Rutter M., 2003, ADI‐R: The Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised

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Metadata

Authors
Kylliäinen, A., Wallace, S., Coutanche, M. N., Leppänen, J. M., Cusack, J., Bailey, A. J., & Hietanen, J. K.
Affiliations
  • Tampere University (FI)
  • Warneford Hospital (GB)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of Aberdeen (GB)
  • University of British Columbia (CA)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2012-01-25
Volume
53
Issue
7
Pages
790-797
ISSN
  • 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-7610
DOI
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02522.x
OpenAlex
W1854255393
Cited by
109
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
FWCI
5.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Autism Speaks (AS1389)
  • European Social Fund
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, eye contact, direct gaze, skin conductance response, arousal, frontal EEG asymmetry, approach-avoidance motivation, face familiarity, children
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Affect, Brain, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Electroencephalography, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Motivation, Case-Control Studies

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