The Apgar Score as an Index of Infant Morbidity: A Report from the Collaborative Study of Cerebral Palsy
Abstract
SUMMARY Evidence is presented that both the one‐minute and five‐minute Apgar score have value in predicting infant morbidity, and that the five‐minute score is the better predictor. Morbidity is defined in terms of a diagnostic impression regarding neurological abnormality at one year of age, and by more specific findings regarding motor retardation, muscle tone and prehensile grasp. Low birth‐weight is also related to abnormal neurological outcome at one year of age. Within combinations of birth‐weight and five‐minute score groups, abnormal outcome is associated most strongly with the combination of low birth‐weight and low five‐minute score. In general, the percentage of abnormality within each birth‐weight group is greater among infants with scores of 0–3 than among infants in the same birth‐weight group with scores of 7–10. It appears that while both birth‐weight and Apgar scores at one and five minutes have predictability value regarding neurological abnormality at one year, this predictability value increases considerably when birth‐weight and five‐minute scores are combined. RÉSUMÉ Les auteurs mettent en évidence la valeur des deux scores d'Apgar, celui de une minute et celui de cinq minutes, pour prédire la morbilité infantile; pour cette prédiction le score de cinq minutes est à leur avis, le meilleur. La morbilité est définie en termes de diagnostic subjectif de L'anormalité neurologique à L'âge d'un an, et par des observations plus spécifiques du retard moteur, du tonus musculaire et de L'étreinte préhensile II existe également une relation entre faible poids de naissance et issue neurologique à L'age d'un an. A L'intérieur des groupes formés par combinaison poids de naissance—scoie de cinq minutes Tissue anormale est associée plus fortement avec la combinaison poids de naissance faible et score de cinq minutes faible. En general le pourcentage d'anormalitéà L'intérieur de chaque groupe de poids de naissance est plus grand parmi les enfants avec des scores de 0–3 que parmi les enfants du même groupe de poids de naissance avec des scores de 7–10. Le poids de naissance et les scores d'Apgar d'une et de cinq minutes ont tous deux une valeur de prediction de L'anormalité neurologique, mais cette valeur de prédiction augmente considérablement, semble‐t‐il, lorsque poids de naissance et scores de cinq minutes sont combines. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Es wird Beweis erbracht, dass sowohl die Eine‐ als auch Fünf‐Minuten Apgar‐Punktzahl wertvoll sind in der Vorhersage der Säuglings‐Morbiditat, und dass die Fünf‐Minuten Punktzahl besser im voraussagen ist. Morbiditat wird definiert in der Form des diagno‐tischen Eindruckes hinsichtlich neurogischer Abnormität im Alter von einem Jahr und spezifischeren Befunden, die die motorische Retardation, Muskelton und Beherrschung des Greifens betreffen. Niederes Geburtsgewicht wird ebenfalls in Verbindung gebracht mit abnormen, neurologischen Ergebnisi m Alter von einem Jahr. Innerhalb der Kombinationen von Geburtsgewicht und Fünf‐Minuten Punktzahl‐Gruppen tritt abnormes Resultat am starksten auf in Beziehung zu der Kombination von niederem Geburtsgewicht und niederer Fünf‐Minuten Punktzahl. Allgemein gesagt, ist der Abnormitats‐Prozentsatz innerhalb jeder Geburtsgewichts‐Gruppe höher unter säuglingen mit Punktzahlen 0–3, als unter den Sauglingen in derselben Geburtsgeichts‐Gruppe mit Punktzahlen 7–10. Es wird offensichtlich, dass wahrend Geburtsgewicht als auch Apgar‐Punktzahlen zu einer und fünf Minuten, Voraussagewert besitzen hinsichtlich neurologischer Abnormitat im Alter von einem Jahr, dieser Voraussagewert sich bedeutend erhöht, wenn Geburtsgewicht und Fünf‐Minuten Punktzahlen zusammen berrechnet werden. RÉSUMÉN Se presenta evidencia de que el test de Apgar a un minuto y a los cinco minutos es de valor en la predicción de la morbosidad infantil, y que a los cinco minutos el test da una indicación mejor. La morbosidad se define como impresión diagnóstica respecto a la anormalidad neurologica a un año, además de hallazgos más especificos respecto a la retardacion motor, el tono muscular, y el agarro prehensil. Se buscan tambien relaciones entre un peso bajo al nacer y trastornos neurologicos a un año. Entre todas las combinaciones de peso y de resultados del test de Apgar, se halló que los trastornos neurologicos se asocian mas fuertemente con una combination de peso bajo y de resultados pobres en el test de Apgar a los cinco minutos. El porcentaje de anormalidades en cada grupo de peso parecido al nacer es mas grande entre los niños que ganan 0–3 que entre los niiios del mismo grupo que ganan 7–10. Parece que aunque el peso al nacer y los tests de Apgar a un minuto y a los cinco minutos sean útiles para predecir trastornos neurologicos a un ano, esta utilidad crece mucho cuando se consideran juntos el peso al nacer y los resultados del test de Apgar a los cinco minutos.
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Low Apgar scores and later neurologic impairments are not always coherent, and a low Apgar score alone should not be interpreted as evidence of intrauterine asphyxia.
“However, it was soon recognized that low Apgar scores and later neurologic impairments are not always coherent, 31,97,98 and that a low Apgar score alone should not be interpreted as evidence of intrauterine asphyxia.99”
From Umbilical cord pH, blood gases, and lactate at birth: normal values, interpretation, and clinical utility. (2023) · cites this paper as [98]
Cites
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The acid-base status of human infants in relation to birth asphyxia and the onset of respiration
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(1964) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.39.205.306-a · Cited by 280 · see citing works
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Apgar, V. (1962) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1962.02080030421015 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Drage, J. S., KENNEDY, C., & Schwarz, B. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationAcidosis of the Newborn and its Relation to Birth Asphyxia1
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Do Apgar scores indicate asphyxia?
SYKES, G. (1982) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)91462-3 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Olofsson, P. (2023) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2022.07.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
- Authors
- Drage, J. S., Kennedy, C., Berendes, H., Schwarz, B. K., & Weiss, W.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1966-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-148
- ISSN
- 0012-1622 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8749
- OpenAlex
- W2108677832
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- Apgar score, infant morbidity, neurological outcome, low birth weight, motor retardation, muscle tone, neonatal assessment, preterm infants, term infants, neonatal intensive care
- MeSH terms
- Birth Weight, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Neurologic Examination, Physical Examination, Statistics as Topic
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