The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion
Abstract
When acoustic startle probes are presented during picture viewing, the blink reflex is augmented for unpleasant foreground stimuli and reduced during pleasant stimuli. The present experiment assessed the hypothesis that this affect‐Startle effect increases as pictures are judged to be more arousing. Eyeblinks elicited by startle probes of three different intensities were recorded while subjects viewed pictures varying in both pleasure (pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant) and arousal (low, moderate, and high). Both blink potentiation during unpleasant content and blink diminution during pleasant content were clearly strongest for picture contents high in arousal. The effect was present for all probe intensities tested.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory
(1950) · Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1950.02910470083028 · Cited by 4,195
Bower, G. H. (1981) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.36.2.129 · Cited by 4,154
Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions
LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O. (1993) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · Cited by 3,190
Self-citationEmotion, attention, and the startle reflex
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377 · Cited by 2,205
Self-citationPerception and the conditioned reflex
Granger, G. W. (1964) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(64)90061-0 · Cited by 2,189
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation
Wittenborn, J. R. (1959) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-195907000-00020 · Cited by 1,897
Blaney, P. H. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.99.2.229 · Cited by 1,773
Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (1987) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00324.x · Cited by 1,063
Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response.
Graham, F. K., & Clifton, R. K. (1966) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0023258 · Cited by 1,029
Technology in mental health care delivery systems
Sidowski, J. B., Johnson, J. H., & Williams, T. A. (1980) · Ablex Pub. Corp. eBooks · Cited by 977
Cited by
The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.
Lang, P. J. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.50.5.372 · Cited by 2,746
Self-citationEmotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.276 · Cited by 2,224
Self-citationMauss, I. B., & Robinson, M. D. (2009) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802204677 · Cited by 2,078
Comorbidity of anxiety and unipolar mood disorders
Mineka, S., Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.377 · Cited by 1,573
On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.1.3 · Cited by 1,481
Metadata
- Authors
- Cuthbert, B. N., Bradleym, M. M., & Lang, P. J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-111
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2005301791
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 37
- FWCI
- 10.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02114.x
- The paper
- Cuthbert, B. N., Bradleym, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1996). Probing picture perception: Activation and emotion. Psychophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02114.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
