Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions

LANG, PETER J.; GREENWALD, MARK K.; BRADLEY, MARGARET M.; HAMM, ALFONS O.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x

Cited by 3,190Aesthetic Perception and AnalysisEmotion and Mood RecognitionHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control

Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions

LANG, PETER J., GREENWALD, MARK K., BRADLEY, MARGARET M., HAMM, ALFONS O.·1993·Psychophysiology

DOI 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x

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Abstract

Colored photographic pictures that varied widely across the affective dimensions of valence (pleasant-unpleasant) and arousal (excited-calm) were each viewed for a 6-s period while facial electromyographic (zygomatic and corrugator muscle activity) and visceral (heart rate and skin conductance) reactions were measured. Judgments relating to pleasure, arousal, interest, and emotional state were measured, as was choice viewing time. Significant covariation was obtained between (a) facial expression and affective valence judgments and (b) skin conductance magnitude and arousal ratings. Interest ratings and viewing time were also associated with arousal. Although differences due to the subject's gender and cognitive style were obtained, affective responses were largely independent of the personality factors investigated. Response specificity, particularly facial expressiveness, supported the view that specific affects have unique patterns of reactivity. The consistency of the dimensional relationships between evaluative judgments (i.e., pleasure and arousal) and physiological response, however, emphasizes that emotion is fundamentally organized by these motivational parameters.

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“Lang et al. (1993) found skin conductance to be more strongly related to reports of arousal for men than women.”
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Facial expression corresponds more to self-reports of valence for women than men.
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From Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. (1998) · cites this paper as Lang et al., 1993
SCR can serve as a measure of sympathetic arousal.
“As such, SCR can serve as a measure of sympathetic arousal [31].”
From Self-Reported Trait Mindfulness and Affective Reactivity: A Motivational Approach Using Multiple Psychophysiological Measures (2015) · cites this paper as [31]
Interest ratings and duration of time an observer chooses to view a visual display both load on the same factor as does the magnitude of the skin conductance response.
“Interestingly, Lang, Greenwald, Bradley, and Hamm (1993) found that interest ratings and duration of time an observer chooses to view a visual display both load on the same factor as does the magni tude of the skin conductance response.”
From A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory (2004) · cites this paper as Lang, Greenwald, Bradley, and Hamm, 1993

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Authors: LANG, P. J., GREENWALD, M. K., BRADLEY, M. M., & HAMM, A. O.
Affiliations: University of Florida (US)
Corresponding author: LANG, PETER J.
ORCID: LANG, PETER J.
GREENWALD, MARK K.
BRADLEY, MARGARET M.
HAMM, ALFONS O.
Venue: Psychophysiology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1993-05
Volume: 30
Issue: 3
Pages: 261-273
ISSN: 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
1469-8986
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x
OpenAlex: W2080898270
Cited by: 3,190
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 51 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 96 · 2023: 99 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 143 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 152 · 2016: 155 · 2015: 185 · 2014: 172 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 146
FWCI: 11.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 5022 d)
Locations: Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh041950-03, 5r01mh043975-12)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH41950, MH 43975, MH37757)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Aesthetic Perception and Analysis
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Emotion and Mood Recognition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
Keywords: valence, arousal, facial electromyography, zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, heart rate, skin conductance, viewing time, gender differences, cognitive style, response specificity
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Arousal, Behavior, Electromyography, Emotions, Facial Expression, Facial Muscles, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Personality, Sex Characteristics, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results

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Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions

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