The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements
Open accessAbstract
This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity ( EDA ). They are intended to be a stand‐alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current—to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI ). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Electrodermal activity is defined as the electrical conductivity between two electrodes on the skin over time; it provides an index of sympathetic nervous system activity since eccrine sweat glands are innervated by the sympathetic but not parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (55).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children Is Not Associated With Abnormal Autonomic Nervous System Function: Hypothesis and Theory (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The data quality was checked by examining whether each eligible record used an SCR extraction technique (70,71) that matched the typical recommendations for the field.”
From I Doubt It Is Safe: A Meta-analysis of Self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty and Threat Extinction Training (2021) · cites this paper as [71]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Boucsein, W. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1126-0 · Cited by 2,526
Dawson, M. E., Schell, A. M., Filion, D. L., & Berntson, G. G. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511546396.007 · Cited by 1,776
Publication Recommendations for Electrodermal Measurements
Fowles, D. C., Christie, M. J., Edelberg, R., Grings, W. W., Lykken, D. T., & Venables, P. H. (1981) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb03024.x · Cited by 1,700
Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686 · Cited by 1,067 · cited 1×
“These results have been interpreted as indicating that women generally respond with greater defensive activation than men to affective pictorial stimuli, although exceptions have also been found (Kring & Gordon, 1998).”
ResultDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SKIN CONDUCTANCE: A PROPOSAL FOR STANDARDIZATION
Lykken, D. T., & Venables, P. H. (1971) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1971.tb00501.x · Cited by 988
Emotion and motivation II: Sex differences in picture processing.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Sabatinelli, D., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.3.300 · Cited by 943
Boucsein, W. (1992) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-5093-5 · Cited by 818
Critchley, H. D., Elliott, R., Mathias, C. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-08-03033.2000 · Cited by 813
Decomposition of skin conductance data by means of nonnegative deconvolution
Benedek, M., & Kaernbach, C. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00972.x · Cited by 594
Vetrugno, R., Liguori, R., Cortelli, P., & Montagna, P. (2003) · Clinical Autonomic Research · doi:10.1007/s10286-003-0107-5 · Cited by 475
Ben‐Shakhar, G., & Elaad, E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.131 · Cited by 419
McManis, M. H., Bradley, M. M., BERG, W. K., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3820222 · Cited by 376
Öhman, A., & Soares, J. J. F. (1998) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.127.1.69 · Cited by 352
Psychology and the lie detector industry.
Lykken, D. T. (1974) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0037441 · Cited by 325
Williams, L. M., Phillips, M. L., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopoulos, J., Rennie, C., Bahramali, H., Olivieri, G., David, A. S., Peduto, A., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0904 · Cited by 300
Ben‐Shakhar, G. (1985) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01603.x · Cited by 249
Correcting psychophysiological measures for individual differences in range.
Lykken, D. T., Rose, R. J., Luther, B., & Maley, M. (1966) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0023922 · Cited by 243
Decomposing skin conductance into tonic and phasic components
Lim, C. L., RENNIE, C. J., Barry, R. J., Bahramali, H., Lazzaro, I., Manor, B. R., & Gordon, E. (1997) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(96)00713-1 · Cited by 226
Verschuère, B., Ben‐Shakhar, G., & Meijer, E. H. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975196 · Cited by 223
Norris, C. J., Larsen, J. T., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00551.x · Cited by 198
Range Correction Applied to Heart Rate and to GSR Data
Lykken, D. T. (1972) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1972.tb03222.x · Cited by 193
Orienting, Habituation, and Resource Allocation: An Associative Analysis
Siddle, D. A. T. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02190.x · Cited by 190
Analytic measures for quantification of arousal from spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations
Bach, D. R., Friston, K. J., & Dolan, R. J. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.011 · Cited by 176
Separating individual skin conductance responses in a short interstimulus-interval paradigm
Alexander, D. M., Trengove, C., Johnston, P., Cooper, T., August, J. P., & Gordon, E. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.02.001 · Cited by 160
Electrodermal Lability as a Personality Dimension
Crider, A. B., & Lunn, R. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6168-8_7 · Cited by 153
The effects of age, sex and time of testing on skin conductance activity
Venables, P. H., & Mitchell, D. A. (1996) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(96)05183-6 · Cited by 138
Scoring criteria for response latency and habituation in electrodermal research: a critique.
Levinson, D., & Edelberg, R. (1985) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01626.x · Cited by 130
The neural correlates of orienting: An integration of fMRI and skin conductance orienting
Williams, L. M., Brammer, M. J., Skerrett, D., Lagopolous, J., Rennie, C., Kozek, K., Olivieri, G., Peduto, T., & Gordon, E. (2000) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200009110-00037 · Cited by 127
El-Sheikh, M., Keller, P. S., & Erath, S. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9127-2 · Cited by 127
Ben‐Shakhar, G., & Dolev, K. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.273 · Cited by 124
Gamer, M., & Berti, S. (2009) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00933.x · Cited by 123
Racial Differences in Skin Resistance
Johnson, L. C., & Corah, N. L. (1963) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.139.3556.766 · Cited by 120
A Major Effect of Recording Site on Measurement of Electrodermal Activity
SCERBO, A. S., Freedman, L. W., Raine, A., Dawson, M. E., & Venables, P. H. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01693.x · Cited by 117
Orienting Reflexes and Significance: A Reply to O'Gorman
Maltzman, I. M. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02990.x · Cited by 114
Serious Delinquent Behavior, Sensation Seeking, and Electrodermal Arousal
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Raine, A., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Steinhauer, S. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1019816930615 · Cited by 105
The Orienting Response as Novelty and Significance Detector: Reply to O'Gorman
Bernstein, A. S. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02989.x · Cited by 104
THE EARLY HISTORY OF ELECTRODERMAL RESEARCH
Neumann, E., & Blanton, R. L. (1970) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01755.x · Cited by 101
Methodological considerations in ambulatory skin conductance monitoring
Doberenz, S., Roth, W. T., Wollburg, E., Maslowski, N. I., & Kim, S. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.002 · Cited by 96
A study on electrode gels for skin conductance measurements
Tronstad, C., Johnsen, G. K., Grimnes, S., & Martinsen, Ø. G. (2010) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/31/10/008 · Cited by 94
NOCTURNAL EEG‐GSR PROFILES: THE INFLUENCE OF PRESLEEP STATES
Lester, B. K., BURCH, N. R., & Dossett, R. (1967) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02701.x · Cited by 94
Age effects to negative arousal differ for self‐report and electrodermal activity
Gavazzeni, J., Wiens, S., & Fischer, H. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00596.x · Cited by 82
Bohlin, G. (1976) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1976.tb03088.x · Cited by 81
Effects of item repetitions and variations on the efficiency of the guilty knowledge test
Elaad, E., & Ben‐Shakhar, G. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb01745.x · Cited by 80
Furedy, J. J. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025803 · Cited by 76
BIOPOTENTIALS FROM THE SKIN SURFACE: THE HYDRATION EFFECT*
Edelberg, R. (1968) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1968.tb20353.x · Cited by 76
The Orienting Reflex: Novelty or Significance Detector?
O’Gorman, J. G. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02988.x · Cited by 75
Personality and Electrodermal Response Lability: An Interpretation
Crider, A. B. (2008) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-008-9057-y · Cited by 72
Electrodermal Mechanisms: A Critique of the Two-Effector Hypothesis and a Proposed Replacement
Edelberg, R. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2864-7_2 · Cited by 71
THE BELATION OF FREQUENCY OF SPONTANEOUS SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSIS TO VIGILANCE AND TO AGE
Surwillo, W. W., & Quilter, R. E. (1965) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1965.tb03245.x · Cited by 71
The relationship of sweat gland count to electrodermal activity
Freedman, L. W., SCERBO, A. S., Dawson, M. E., Raine, A., McClure, W. O., & Venables, P. H. (1994) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01040.x · Cited by 66
Barry, R. J. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02185.x · Cited by 63
Temperature, Thermoregulation, and Sleep
Heller, H. C. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50031-8 · Cited by 62
Cortical and Hypothalamo-Limbic Control of Electrodermal Responses
Sequeira, H., & Roy, J.-C. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2864-7_8 · Cited by 60
Dynamics of SCR, EEG, and ERP activity in an oddball paradigm with short interstimulus intervals
Lim, C. L., Gordon, E., RENNIE, C. J., Wright, J. J., Bahramali, H., Li, W. M., Clouston, P. D., & Morris, J. G. (1999) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3650543 · Cited by 58
Detecting concealed information using autonomic measures
Gamer, M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511975196.003 · Cited by 56
Rapid regulation of electrolyte absorption in sweat duct
Ready, M. M., & Quinton, P. (1994) · The Journal of Membrane Biology · doi:10.1007/bf00234486 · Cited by 53
Autonomic nervous system effects of acute doses of caffeine in caffeine users and abstainers
Zahn, T. P., & Rapoport, J. L. (1987) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(87)90070-5 · Cited by 52
Juniper, K., & Dykman, R. A. (1967) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02759.x · Cited by 50
Psychogalvanic reflex and changes in electrical parameters of dry skin
Grimnes, S. (1982) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02442528 · Cited by 50
The interrelationship between the galvanic skin response, basal resistance, and temperature.
Maulsby, R. L., & Edelberg, R. (1960) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041916 · Cited by 45
Interstimulus intervals for skin conductance response measurement
Breska, A., Maoz, K., & Ben‐Shakhar, G. (2011) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01084.x · Cited by 43
DIFFERENCES AMONG AGE AND SEX GROUPS IN ELECTRODERMAL CONDITIONING
Shmavonian, B. M., Miller, L. H., & COHEN, S. I. (1968) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1968.tb02809.x · Cited by 43
Children’s sleep, skin conductance level and mental health
El‐Sheikh, M., & Arsiwalla, D. D. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00880.x · Cited by 42
Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Disease Transmission in the Psychophysiology Laboratory
Putnam, L. E., Johnson, R., & Roth, W. T. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb01676.x · Cited by 40
Grimnes, S., Jabbari, A., Martinsen, Ø. G., & Tronstad, C. (2010) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00459.x · Cited by 39
Catania, J. J., Thompson, L. W., Michalewski, H. A., & Bowman, T. E. (1980) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00127.x · Cited by 36
Turpin, G., Shine, P. J., & LADER, M. H. (1983) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03291.x · Cited by 36
Age-related changes in sympathetic activity: biochemical measurements and target organ responses
Barontini, M., Lázzari, J. O., Levin, G. M., Armando, I., & Baso, S. (1997) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/s0167-4943(97)00008-3 · Cited by 34
Zahn, T. P., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, C. L. (1981) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(81)90006-8 · Cited by 30
Effects of high environmental temperature on sweating and skin resistance.
Wilcott, R. C. (1963) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046184 · Cited by 27
Active Circuits for Direct Linear Measurement of Skin Resistance and Conductance
Lowry, R. (1977) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01187.x · Cited by 26
The measurement principle for evaluating the performance of drugs and cosmetics by skin impedance
Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, T., Ohta, S., Uehara, T., Tahara, S., & Ishizuka, Y. (1978) · Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing · doi:10.1007/bf02442441 · Cited by 25
A PROPOSED STANDARD NOMENCLATURE FOR PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC MEASURES
Brown, C. C. (1967) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02765.x · Cited by 23
Schaefer, F., & Boucsein, W. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3710085 · Cited by 23
Sex differences and the asymmetry of specific and non-specific electrodermal responses
Martínez-Selva, J., Román, F. J., Sánchez, F. A. G., & Gómez-Amor, J. (1987) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(87)90001-8 · Cited by 22
The Relationships between P.G.R. Scores and Temperature and Humidity
Venables, P. H. (1955) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470215508416668 · Cited by 22
Significance and components of the orienting response: effects of signal value versus vigilance
Barry, R. J. (1988) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/0167-8760(88)90023-2 · Cited by 21
Gao, Y., Raine, A., Dawson, M. E., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00564.x · Cited by 16
Lobstein, T., & Cort, J. (1978) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(78)90046-7 · Cited by 14
Boucsein, W., Schaefer, F., & Neijenhuisen, H. (1989) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb01937.x · Cited by 9
Time of Quarter Effect: An Uncontrolled Variable in Electrodermal Research
Fisher, L. E., & Winkel, M. H. (1979) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01463.x · Cited by 9
An Automatic Voltage Suppressor For the Measurement of Electrodermal Activity
Simon, W. R., & Homoth, R. W. G. (1978) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01426.x · Cited by 3
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Blecker C. R., 2001, Skin conductance measurement during fMRT scans: A methodology study, Psychophysiology, 38, S27
- Boucsein W., 2001, Progress in ambulatory assessment, 549
- Edelberg R., 1967, Methods in psychophysiology, 1
- Fowles D. C., 1986, Psychophysiology: Systems, processes, and applications, 51
- Grimnes S., 2008, Bioimpedance and bioelectricity basics
- Grings W. W., 1974, Methods in physiological psychology: Vol. 1. Bioelectric recording techniques, Part C: Receptor and effector processes, 273
- Hamilton R. J., 2012, Tarascon Pharmacopoeia 2012 Professional Desk Reference Edition
- Lykken D. T., 1998, A tremor in the blood: Uses and abuses of the lie detector
- Öhman A., 1979, The orienting reflex in humans
- 10.1037/0096-3445.127.1.69 · DOI
- Siddle D. A. T., 1983, Orienting and habituation: Perspectives in human research, 109
- Sokolov E. N., 1963, Perception and the conditioned reflex
- Venables P. H., 1980, Techniques in psychophysiology, 3
- Wenger M. A., 1962, Psychophysiological correlates of psychological disorder, 106
- Wenger M. A., 1972, Handbook of psychophysiology, 535
- Wilhelm F. H., 1996, Ambulatory assessment: Computer‐assisted psychological and psychophysiological methods in monitoring and field studies, 317
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lonsdorf, T. B., Menz, M. M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M. A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., Heitland, I., Hermann, A., Kuhn, M., Kruse, O., et al. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.026 · Cited by 837
Evidence for a large-scale brain system supporting allostasis and interoception in humans
Kleckner, I. R., Zhang, J., Touroutoglou, A., Chanes, L., Xia, C., Simmons, W. K., Quigley, K. S., Dickerson, B. C., & Feldman Barrett, L. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0069 · Cited by 641
Human Emotion Recognition: Review of Sensors and Methods
Dzedzickis, A., Kaklauskas, A., & Bučinskas, V. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20030592 · Cited by 628
Innovations in Electrodermal Activity Data Collection and Signal Processing: A Systematic Review
Posada-Quintero, H. F., & Chon, K. H. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20020479 · Cited by 525
Positive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression
Young, K., Sandman, C., & Craske, M. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9040076 · Cited by 485
Metadata
- Authors
- Society for Psychophysiological Research Ad Hoc Committee on Electrodermal Measures
- Corresponding author
- Society for Psychophysiological Research Ad Hoc Committee on Electrodermal Measures
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06-08
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1017-1034
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W4242743388
- Cited by
- 1,288
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 130 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 134 · 2020: 119 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15
- FWCI
- 19.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- electrodermal activity, skin conductance, publication recommendations, magnetic interference, functional MRI
- MeSH terms
- Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Electromagnetic Fields, Galvanic Skin Response, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychophysiology, Publications, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Artifacts, Monitoring, Ambulatory
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
