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Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: Can it be carried out over the telephone?

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Pinto-Meza, Alejandra, Serrano-Blanco, Antoni, Peñarrubia, Maria T., Blanco, Elena, Haro, Josep Maria·2005·Journal of General Internal Medicine

DOI 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0144.xPMC PMC1490180

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Abstract

Background Telephone assessment of depression for research purposes is increasingly being used. The Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression module (PHQ-9) is a well-validated, brief, self-reported, diagnostic, and severity measure of depression designed for use in primary care (PC). To our knowledge, there are no available data regarding its validity when administered over the telephone.Objective The aims of the present study were to evaluate agreement between self-administered and telephone-administered PHQ-9, to investigate possible systematic bias, and to evaluate the internal consistency of the telephone-administered PHQ-9.Methods Three hundred and forty-six participants from two PC centers were assessed twice with the PHQ-9. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to administration procedure order and administration procedure of the PHQ-9: Self-administered/Telephone-administered; Telephone-administered/Self-administered; Telephone-administered/Telephone-administered; and Self-administered/Self-administered. The first 2 groups served for analyzing the procedural validity of telephone-administered PHQ-9. The last 2 allowed a test-retest reliability analysis of both self- and telephone-administered PHQ-9. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted kappa (for each item) were calculated as measures of concordance. Additionally, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Student's t-test, and Cronbach's alpha were analyzed.Results Intraclass correlation coefficient and weighted kappa between both administration procedures were excellent, revealing a strong concordance between telephone- and self-administered PHQ-9. A small and clinically nonsignificant tendency was observed toward lower scores for the telephone-administered PHQ-9. The internal consistency of the telephone-administered PHQ-9 was high and close to the self-administered one.Conclusions Telephone and in-person assessments by means of the PHQ-9 yield similar results. Thus, telephone administration of the PHQ-9 seems to be a reliable procedure for assessing depression in PC.

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The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
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Authors: Pinto-Meza, A., Serrano-Blanco, A., Peñarrubia, M. T., Blanco, E., & Haro, J. M.
ORCID: Haro, Josep Maria
Venue: Journal of General Internal Medicine
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-08
Volume: 20
Issue: 8
Pages: 738-742
ISSN: 0884-8734 (ISSN-L)
1525-1497
DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0144.x
PMC: PMC1490180
OpenAlex: W2037263999
Cited by: 347
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 10.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of General Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: depression assessment, PHQ-9, telephone administration, self-administered questionnaire, primary care, test-retest reliability, internal consistency, measurement agreement
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Depression, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Telephone, Reproducibility of Results

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Assessing depression in primary care with the PHQ-9: Can it be carried out over the telephone?

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