Gender, Race, and the Regulation of Native Identity in Canada and the United States: An Overview
Abstract
The regulation of Native identity has been central to the colonization process in both Canada and the United States. Systems of classification and control enable settler governments to define who is “Indian,” and control access to Native land. These regulatory systems have forcibly supplanted traditional Indigenous ways of identifying the self in relation to land and community, functioning discursively to naturalize colonial worldviews. Decolonization, then, must involve deconstructing and reshaping how we understand Indigenous identity.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art
Clifford, J. (1988) · doi:10.2307/j.ctvjf9x0h · Cited by 5,528 · see citing works
The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art.
Rochberg‐Halton, E., & Clifford, J. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074218 · Cited by 1,207 · see citing works
King, B., & Loomba, A. (1999) · World Literature Today · doi:10.2307/40154856 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions
Milspaw, Y. J., & Allen, P. G. (1990) · Journal of American Folklore · doi:10.2307/541875 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
Racially Mixed People in America
Alibhai‐Brown, Y. (1994) · Feminist Review · doi:10.1057/fr.1994.49 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Displacements : cultural identities in question
Bammer, A. (1994) · Cited by 447 · see citing works
ONE. Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power
Stoler, A. L. (1991) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520910355-004 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times
Smith, D. B., & Dickason, O. P. (1994) · The American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1185257 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-White Relations in Canada
Jones, G. C. D., & Miller, J. R. (1994) · The American Indian Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1185258 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Enough is Enough: Aboriginal Women Speak Out
Emberley, J. V. (1988) · Canadian women's studies · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Speaking for the Generations: Native Writers on Writing
Meredith, H., & Ortiz, S. J. (1998) · World Literature Today · doi:10.2307/40154191 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Deloria, P. J. (1998) · Yale University Press eBooks · doi:10.12987/9780300153606 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Native American religious identity: unforgotten gods
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-0273 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America.
Jaenen, C. J., Peterson, J., & Brown, J. S. H. (1986) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1864570 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Canada's first nations: a history of founding peoples from earliest times
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2883 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gerald Vizenor: Writing in the Oral Tradition
Warrior, R. A., & Blaeser, K. (1998) · World Literature Today · doi:10.2307/40153680 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation
Churchill, W. (1995) · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Blood quantum: Native American mixed bloods.
Wilson, T. P. (1992) · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Earthdivers: Tribal Narratives of Mixed Descent
Vizenor, G. R. (1981) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/9781452974613 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gerald Vizenor: writing in the oral tradition
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-2604 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Native American almanac: a portrait of Native America today
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-4123 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
(2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315132747 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Skyscrapers hide the heavens: a history of Indian-White relations in Canada
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-2902 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
1885 and after: Native Society in Transition
Frideres, J. S., Barron, F. L., & Waldram, J. B. (1987) · The Canadian Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/3340952 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Dickason, O. P. (1982) · American Indian Culture and Research Journal · doi:10.17953/aicr.06.2.56m1340v4p628343 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
From I-hermeneutics to we-hermeneutics: native Americans and the post-colonial
Weaver, J. (1996) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Metis: People between two worlds
Harrison, J. (1985) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Multiple Jeopardy: the Evolution of A Native Women's Movement
Jamieson, K. H. (1979) · Atlantis Critical Studies in Gender Culture & Social Justice · Cited by 12 · see citing works
TIME TO stand up AND BE counted
Carmichael, S. (1997) · Measuring Business Excellence · doi:10.1108/eb025488 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nigosian, S. A. (1994) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13502-8_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dickason, O. P. (1985) · The New Peoples · doi:10.1515/9780887553783-005
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Ziervogel, 1996, South Edmonton claimed by Pahpahstayo first nation, Windspeaker, 8
- Monet, 1992, Colonialism on trial: Indigenous land rights and the Gitksan and Wet'suwe'en sovereignty case
- Stoler, 1991, Gender at the crossroads: Feminist anthropology in the post‐modern era
- Dumont, 1997, C‐31 women protest, Alberta Sweetgrass, 15
- Milloy, 1983, As long as the sun shines and the water flows: A reader in Canadian Native history
- Churchill, 1994, Indians are us? Culture and genocide in Native North America
- Waldram, 1986, 1885 and After: Native Society in Transition
- Acoose, 1995, lskwewak: Neither Indian princesses nor easy squaws
- Deloria, 1998a, Natives and academics: Research and writing about American Indians
- Paul, 1997, To treaty descendants of Papasschase, Alberta Sweetgrass, 4
- Tomas, 1996, Traditional Seminoles want lifestyle protected, Windspeaker, 11
- Coates, 1986, 1885 and after: Native society in transition
- 1996, For seven generations: Report of the royal commission on Aboriginal peoples, Vols. 1–5
- Normand, 1996, A profile of the Metis
Cited by
Sorted by citations
de Leeuw, S. (2009) · Children's Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733280902798837 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Incarcerated Childhood and the Politics of Unchilding
Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781108555470 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Absence and Epidemic: Autism and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in Indigenous populations in Canada
Inman, C. E. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Disability Studies · doi:10.15353/cjds.v8i4.531 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ethnographic Refusal: Anthropological Need
(2014) · Mohawk Interruptus · doi:10.1215/9780822376781-004 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Indigenous Interruptions: Mohawk Nationhood, Citizenship, and the State
(2014) · Mohawk Interruptus · doi:10.1215/9780822376781-001
- Authors
- Lawrence, B.
- Corresponding author
- Lawrence, Bonita
- Venue
- Hypatia
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2003
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 3-31
- ISSN
- 0887-5367 (ISSN-L)
- 1527-2001
- OpenAlex
- W2098053868
- Semantic Scholar
- 980da8c152245a269472eec0a7e118d61840101d
- Cited by
- 396
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 12.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypatia (publishedVersion)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Cultures and History
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Social Sciences › Law › Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law
- Keywords
- indigenous identity, settler colonialism, decolonization, indigenous territories, gender, race, indigenous self-identification, Canada, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review