Cited by 194Child Welfare and AdoptionChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentEarly Childhood Education and Development

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VI. SENSITIVE PERIODS

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Zeanah, Charles H, Gunnar, Megan R, McCall, Robert B, Kreppner, Jana M, Fox, Nathan A·2011·Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development

DOI 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.xPMC PMC4130246

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Abstract

This chapter reviews sensitive periods in human brain development based on the literature on children raised in institutions. Sensitive experiences occur when experiences are uniquely influential for the development of neural circuitry. Because in humans, we make inferences about sensitive periods from evaluations of complex behaviors, we underestimate the occurrence of sensitive periods at the level of neural circuitry. Although we are most interested in complex behaviors, such as IQ or attachment or externalizing problems, many different sensitive periods at the level of circuits probably underlie these complex behaviors. Results from a number of studies suggest that across most, but not all, domains of development, institutional rearing limited to the first 4–6 months of life is associated with no significant increase risk for long-term adverse effects relative to noninstitutionalized children. Beyond that, evidence for sensitive periods is less compelling, meaning that “the earlier the better” rule for enhanced caregiving is a reasonable conclusion at the current state of the science.

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Authors: Zeanah, C. H., Gunnar, M. R., McCall, R. B., Kreppner, J. M., & Fox, N. A.
Affiliations: Tulane University (US)
Corresponding author: Zeanah, Charles H
ORCID: Zeanah, Charles H
Gunnar, Megan R
McCall, Robert B
Kreppner, Jana M
Fox, Nathan A
Venue: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 76
Issue: 4
Pages: 147-162
ISSN: 0037-976X (ISSN-L)
1540-5834
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00631.x
PMC: PMC4130246
OpenAlex: W2126510952
Cited by: 194
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 25.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: academic.oup.com/pages/standard-publication-reuse-rights (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 20 d)
Locations: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Binder Family Foundation
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH078105, MH080905, R01MH091363, R01MH080905)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD050212)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Child Welfare and Adoption
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: sensitive period, institutional upbringing, early institutionalization, brain development, caregiving, attachment, externalizing problems, IQ

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